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      Water storage and transport in leaves of vesselless trees in the temperate rainforest of south-central Chile Translated title: Almacenamiento y transporte de agua en hojas de árboles sin vasos del bosque templado lluvioso del centro-sur de Chile

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT According to a common hypothesis, some of the epidermal structural features in the leaves of tracheid-bearing plants “offset” low specific conductivity of vesselless wood. The data concerning this issue is contradictory, which can be explained by the fact that leaf water relations depend not only on the epidermis structure, but also on the structure of other leaf tissues. In the current study we aimed to evaluate the diversity of water transport systems in the leaves of tracheid-bearing woody plants in the temperate rainforest of south-central Chile. For this purpose, we collected leaves of four Podocarpaceae and two Winteraceae species in natural habitats, examined their leaf anatomy using light and transmission electron microscopy, measured the quantitative characters and analyzed the data using principal component analysis. Leaves of the studied species differ in the mesophyll and xylem anatomy. Four species have features that accelerate water transport through the leaf tissues via the apoplast (Prumnopitys andina), accessory transfusion tissue (Podocarpus saligna) and a network of veins (Drimys species). On the contrary, the leaves of Saxegothaea conspicua and Podocarpus nubigena accumulate water in water-storage tissue (hydrenchyma), but their ecology suggest that hydrenchyma is not an adaptation to environmental conditions. The obtained data indicate the existence of different ways of water delivery to the photosynthetic tissue in the leaves of vesselless plants. In the case of insufficient water supply through the tracheids, hydrenchyma is likely to maintain hydration of the leaves.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN De acuerdo con una hipótesis común, algunos rasgos estructurales en las hojas de plantas portadoras de traqueidas “compensan” la baja conductividad específica del leño sin vasos. La información sobre este tema es contradictoria, lo que puede explicarse por el hecho de que las relaciones hídricas en las hojas no dependen solo de los rasgos estructurales, sino también de la estructura de otros tejidos foliares. En este estudio nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la diversidad de los sistemas de transporte de agua en las hojas de plantas leñosas portadoras de traqueidas en especies del bosque templado lluvioso del centro sur de Chile. Para esto recolectamos hojas de cuatro especies de Podocarpaceae y dos Winteraceae en hábitats naturales, estudiamos su anatomía foliar mediante microscopía de luz y electrónica de transmisión, determinamos caracteres anatómicos cuantitativos y analizamos los datos usando análisis de componentes principales. Las hojas de las especies analizadas se diferencian en la anatomía del mesófilo y xilema. Cuatro especies tienen rasgos que aceleran el transporte de agua a través de los tejidos foliares mediante el apoplasto (Prumnopitys andina), el tejido de transfusión accesorio (Podocarpus saligna) y la red de venas (especies de Drimys). Por el contrario, las hojas de Saxegothaea conspicua y Podocarpus nubigena acumulan agua en el tejido de almacenamiento de esta (hidrénquima), pero su ecología sugiere que el hidrénquima no es una adaptación a las condiciones ambientales. Los datos obtenidos indican la existencia de diferentes formas de suministro de agua al tejido fotosintético en las hojas de plantas sin vasos. En el caso de que el suministro de agua a través de traqueidas sea insuficiente, es posible que el hidrénquima mantenga la hidratación de las hojas.

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          Most cited references78

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          Protecting against water loss: analysis of the barrier properties of plant cuticles.

          The cuticle is the major barrier against uncontrolled water loss from leaves, fruits and other primary parts of higher plants. More than 100 mean values for water permeabilities determined with isolated leaf and fruit cuticles from 61 plant species are compiled and discussed in relation to plant organ, natural habitat and morphology. The maximum barrier properties of plant cuticles exceed that of synthetic polymeric films of equal thickness. Cuticular water permeability is not correlated to the thickness of the cuticle or to wax coverage. Relationships between cuticular permeability, wax composition and physical properties of the cuticle are evaluated. Cuticular permeability to water increases on the average by a factor of 2 when leaf surface temperature is raised from 15 degrees C to 35 degrees C. Organic compounds of anthropogenic and biogenic origin may enhance cuticular permeability. The pathway taken by water across the cuticular transport barrier is reviewed. The conclusion from this discussion is that the bulk of water diffuses as single molecules across a lipophilic barrier while a minor fraction travels along polar pores. Open questions concerning the mechanistic understanding of the plant cuticular transport barrier and the role the plant cuticle plays in ensuring the survival and reproductive success of an individual plant are indicated.
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            Size and function in conifer tracheids and angiosperm vessels.

            The wide size range of conifer tracheids and angiosperm vessels has important consequences for function. In both conduit types, bigger is better for conducting efficiency. The gain in efficiency with size is maximized by the control of conduit shape, which balances end-wall and lumen resistances. Although vessels are an order of magnitude longer than tracheids of the same diameter, they are not necessarily more efficient because they lack the low end-wall resistance of tracheids with torus-margo pits. Instead, vessels gain conducting efficiency over tracheids by achieving wider maximum diameters. End-walls contributed 56-64% to total xylem resistance in both conduit types, indicating that length limits conducting efficiency. Tracheid dimensions may be more limited by unicellularity and the need to supply strength to homoxylous wood than by the need to protect against cavitation. In contrast, the greater size of the multicellular vessel is facilitated by fibers that strengthen heteroxylous wood. Vessel dimensions may be most limited by the need to restrict intervessel pitting and cavitation by air-seeding. Stressful habitats that promote narrow vessels should favor coexistence of conifers and angiosperms. The evolution of vessels in angiosperm wood may have required early angiosperms to survive a phase of mechanic and hydraulic instability.
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              Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de Chile

              RESUMEN Se presenta un catálogo de las plantas vasculares que crecen en Chile. Está organizado por divisiones, Pteridophyta (Lycopodiopsida y Polypodiopsida), Pinophyta (Gnetopsida y Pinopsida) y Magnoliophyta (Liliopsida y Magnoliopsida), y dentro de cada grupo, las jerarquías taxonómicas (Familia, Género, Especies y taxones infraespecíficos) están ordenados alfabéticamente. Se incluye además un índice alfabético de géneros con indicación de la familia y grupo a que pertenecen. De acuerdo a este catálogo la flora de las plantas vasculares que crecen en Chile, comprende 186 familias, 1121 géneros y 5471 especies, de éstas, 4655 corresponden a especies nativas, de las cuales 2145 son endémicas de Chile y 816 las especies introducidas.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                gbot
                Gayana. Botánica
                Gayana Bot.
                Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción (Concepción, , Chile )
                0016-5301
                0717-6643
                December 2021
                : 78
                : 2
                : 141-155
                Affiliations
                [3] Concepción Bío-Bío orgnameUniversidad de Concepción orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas orgdiv2Departamento de Botánica Chile
                [2] St. Petersburg orgnameSaint Petersburg University orgdiv1Department of Botany Russia
                [1] St. Petersburg orgnameKomarov Botanical Institute RAS orgdiv1Laboratory of Plant Anatomy and Morphology Russia
                Article
                S0717-66432021000200141 S0717-6643(21)07800200141
                10.4067/S0717-66432021000200141
                ca120f3d-c895-481b-a771-064f9ba03df1

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 September 2021
                : 20 October 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 78, Pages: 15
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                Original Article

                tejido de transfusión accesorio,Saxegothaea,rasgos estructurales de la hoja,Podocarpus,hidrénquima,accessory transfusion tissue,leaf structural traits,hydrenchyma

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