Validity and reliability of the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders for Italian-speaking patients with olfactory dysfunction

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SUMMARY

Objective

To translate and validate an Italian version of the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (IT-QOD).

Materials and methods

This is a prospective, multicentre study that involved patients with olfactory dysfunction (OD). Both cases and controls underwent administration of the IT-QOD, Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22) and psychophysical evaluation of orthonasal and retronasal olfactory function.

Results

The IT-QOD was administered to 96 patients and 38 controls. The Cronbach’s alpha exceeded 0.90, indicating satisfactory internal consistency. The test-retest reliability was found to be high for both parosmia (rs = 0.944) and life quality (rs = 0.969). Patients with OD had significantly higher IT-QOD scores compared to healthy individuals (p < 0.001), indicating strong internal validity. The external validity was also satisfactory, as shown by the significant correlation with SNOT-22 (rs = -0.54) and the threshold, discrimination, and identification score (rs = -0.63).

Conclusions

The IT-QOD was demonstrated to be reliable and valid to assess the impact of OD on the quality of life of Italian-speaking patients.

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Most cited references 25

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Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural health care research: a clear and user-friendly guideline.

Valmi D. Sousa, Wilaiporn Rojjanasrirat (2011)

The diversity of the population worldwide suggests a great need for cross-culturally validated research instruments or scales. Researchers and clinicians must have access to reliable and valid measures of concepts of interest in their own cultures and languages to conduct cross-cultural research and/or provide quality patient care. Although there are well-established methodological approaches for translating, adapting and validating instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural health care research, a great variation in the use of these approaches continues to prevail in the health care literature. Therefore, the objectives of this scholarly paper were to review published recommendations of cross-cultural validation of instruments and scales, and to propose and present a clear and user-friendly guideline for the translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for cross-cultural health care research. A review of highly recommended methodological approaches to translation, adaptation and cross-cultural validation of research instruments or scales was performed. Recommendations were summarized and incorporated into a seven-step guideline. Each one of the steps was described and key points were highlighted. Example of a project using the proposed steps of the guideline was fully described. Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for cross-cultural research is very time-consuming and requires careful planning and the adoption of rigorous methodological approaches to derive a reliable and valid measure of the concept of interest in the target population. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

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Guidelines for developing, translating, and validating a questionnaire in perioperative and pain medicine

Siny Tsang, Colin Royse, Abdullah Terkawi (2017)

The task of developing a new questionnaire or translating an existing questionnaire into a different language might be overwhelming. The greatest challenge perhaps is to come up with a questionnaire that is psychometrically sound, and is efficient and effective for use in research and clinical settings. This article provides guidelines for the development and translation of questionnaires for application in medical fields, with a special emphasis on perioperative and pain medicine. We provide a framework to guide researchers through the various stages of questionnaire development and translation. To ensure that the questionnaires are psychometrically sound, we present a number of statistical methods to assess the reliability and validity of the questionnaires.

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Normative data for the "Sniffin' Sticks" including tests of odor identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory thresholds: an upgrade based on a group of more than 3,000 subjects.

T. Hummel, G Kobal, H Gudziol … (2007)

"Sniffin' Sticks" is a test of nasal chemosensory function that is based on pen-like odor dispensing devices, introduced some 10 years ago by Kobal and co-workers. It consists of tests for odor threshold, discrimination, and identification. Previous work established its test-retest reliability and validity. Results of the test are presented as "TDI score", the sum of results obtained for threshold, discrimination, and identification measures. While normative data have been established they are based on a relatively small number of subjects, especially with regard to subjects older than 55 years where data from only 30 healthy subjects have been used. The present study aimed to remedy this situation. Now data are available from 3,282 subjects as compared to data from 738 subjects published previously. Disregarding sex-related differences, the TDI score at the tenth percentile was 24.9 in subjects younger than 15 years, 30.3 for ages from 16 to 35 years, 27.3 for ages from 36 to 55 years, and 19.6 for subjects older than 55 years. Because the tenth percentile has been defined to separate hyposmia from normosmia, these data can be used as a guide to estimate individual olfactory ability in relation to subject's age. Absolute hyposmia was defined as the tenth percentile score of 16-35 year old subjects. Other than previous reports the present norms are also sex-differentiated with women outperforming men in the three olfactory tests. Further, the present data suggest specific changes of individual olfactory functions in relation to age, with odor thresholds declining most dramatically compared to odor discrimination and odor identification.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital

Journal ID (publisher-id): AOI

Title: Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica

Publisher: Pacini Editore Srl

ISSN (Print): 0392-100X

ISSN (Electronic): 1827-675X

Publication date (Electronic): 29 February 2024

Publication date (Print): February 2024

Volume: 44

Issue: 1

Pages: 42-51

Affiliations

[1 ] Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari , Sassari, Italy

[2 ] PhD School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari , Sassari, Italy

[3 ] Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste , Trieste, Italy

[4 ] Otorhinolaryngology Operative Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari , Sassari, Italy

[5 ] Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital of Bolzano (SABES-ASDAA) , Bolzano, Italy

[6 ] Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Meyer Children’s Hospital , Firenze, Italy

[7 ] Edizioni Erikson , Trento, Italy

[8 ] Goethe Institut , Padova, Italy

[9 ] Neurology Operative Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari , Sassari, Italy

[10 ] Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC) , A Coruña, Galicia, Spain

[11 ] Department of Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Mons School of Medicine, UMONS. Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons) , Mons, Belgium

[12 ] Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Elsan Polyclinic of Poitiers , Poitiers, France

Author notes

Correspondence Luigi Angelo Vaira E-mail: lavaira@ 123456uniss.it

Article

DOI: 10.14639/0392-100X-N2736

PMC ID: 10914352

PubMed ID: 38420720

SO-VID: ce66d273-ec66-4228-b4fb-e21a8b1a07df

License:

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the CC-BY-NC-ND (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International) license. The article can be used by giving appropriate credit and mentioning the license, but only for non-commercial purposes and only in the original version. For further information: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.en

History

Date received : 29 August 2023

Date accepted : 16 October 2023

Page count

Figures: 1, Tables: 6, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 10

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Validity and reliability of the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders for Italian-speaking patients with olfactory dysfunction

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SUMMARY

Objective

Materials and methods

Results

Conclusions

Related collections

Asian Journal of Quality of Life (AjQoL)

Most cited references 25

Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural health care research: a clear and user-friendly guideline.

Guidelines for developing, translating, and validating a questionnaire in perioperative and pain medicine

Normative data for the "Sniffin' Sticks" including tests of odor identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory thresholds: an upgrade based on a group of more than 3,000 subjects.

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