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      Quality of care for under-fives in first-level health facilities in one district of Bangladesh Translated title: Calidad de la atención dispensada a los menores de cinco años en los centros sanitarios de primer nivel de un distrito de Bangladesh Translated title: Qualité des soins dispensés aux enfants de moins de cinq ans dans les installations de santé de premier niveau d'un district du Bengladesh

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      Bulletin of the World Health Organization
      World Health Organization
      Servicios de salud infantil, Atención primaria de salud, Calidad de la atención de salud, Indicadores de calidad de la atención de salud, Encuestas de atención de la salud, Preescolar, Bangladesh, Service santé infantile, Soins santé primaire, Qualité soins, Indicateurs qualité santé, Enquête système de santé, Enfant âge pré-scolaire, Bengladesh, Child health services, Primary health care, Quality of health care, Quality indicators, Health care, Health care surveys, Child, Preschool, Bangladesh

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: The multi-country evaluation of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) effectiveness, cost and impact (MCE) is a global evaluation to determine the impact of IMCI on health outcomes and its cost-effectiveness. MCE studies are under way in Bangladesh, Brazil, Peru, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. The objective of this analysis from the Bangladesh MCE study was to describe the quality of care delivered to sick children under 5 years old in first-level government health facilities, to inform government planning of child health programmes. METHODS: Generic MCE Health Facility Survey tools were adapted, translated and pre-tested. Medical doctors trained in IMCI and these tools conducted the survey in all 19 health facilities in the study areas. The data were collected using observations, exit interviews, inventories and interviews with facility providers. FINDINGS: Few of the sick children seeking care at these facilities were fully assessed or correctly treated, and almost none of their caregivers were advised on how to continue the care of the child at home. Over one-third of the sick children whose care was observed were managed by lower-level workers who were significantly more likely than higher-level workers to classify the sick child correctly and to provide correct information on home care to the caregiver. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate an urgent need for interventions to improve the quality of care provided for sick children in first-level facilities in Bangladesh, and suggest that including lower-level workers as targets for IMCI case-management training may be beneficial. The findings suggest that the IMCI strategy offers a promising set of interventions to address the child health service problems in Bangladesh.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: La evaluación multipaíses de la eficacia, el costo y el impacto de la Atención Integrada a las Enfermedades Prevalentes de la Infancia (AIEPI) es un estudio realizado a escala mundial con el fin de determinar el impacto de la AIEPI en los resultados sanitarios y su eficacia en relación con el costo. Se están llevando a cabo estudios de ese tipo en Bangladesh, Brasil, Perú, Uganda y República Unida de Tanzanía. En el caso de Bangladesh, el objetivo era describir la calidad de la atención que reciben los menores de cinco años enfermos en los establecimientos sanitarios públicos de primer nivel, con el fin de aportar información al Gobierno de cara a la planificación de los programas de salud infantil. MÉTODOS: Los instrumentos genéricos utilizados para realizar este estudio en los establecimientos sanitarios fueron adaptados, traducidos y sometidos a pruebas preliminares. Médicos con formación sobre la AIEPI y dichos instrumentos llevaron a cabo el estudio en los 19 centros sanitarios de las zonas analizadas. Los datos fueron obtenidos mediante observaciones, entrevistas a la salida, inventarios y encuentros con los dispensadores de salud. RESULTADOS: Entre los niños enfermos que acudieron a establecimientos para recibir atención sanitaria, fueron pocos los examinados de forma exhaustiva y tratados adecuadamente, y casi ninguno de sus cuidadores recibió instrucciones sobre la manera de seguir atendiendo al niño tras su regreso al domicilio. Más de un tercio de los casos en que se observó cómo atendían al niño enfermo fueron manejados por personal de nivel inferior que demostró una capacidad significativamente mayor que la de otros trabajadores de nivel superior para clasificar a los niños enfermos correctamente y para proporcionar al cuidador la información necesaria sobre la asistencia domiciliaria. CONCLUSIÓN: Estos resultados ponen de manifiesto la necesidad urgente de emprender intervenciones de mejora de la calidad de la asistencia dispensada a los niños enfermos en los centros sanitarios de primer nivel de Bangladesh, y sugieren que puede ser positivo incluir a trabajadores de nivel inferior entre los destinatarios de la formación para el tratamiento de casos en el marco de la AIEPI. Los resultados obtenidos permiten pensar que la estrategia de la AIEPI ofrece un conjunto de intervenciones muy prometedor para hacer frente a los problemas que padecen los servicios de salud infantil de Bangladesh.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIF: L'évaluation multinationale de l'efficacité, des coûts et de l'impact de la Prise en charge intégrée des maladies de l'enfance (PCIME) est une évaluation à l'échelle mondiale, destinée à déterminer l'incidence de ce programme sur les résultats sanitaires et son rapport coût-efficacité. De évaluations de ce type sont en cours au Bengladesh, au Pérou, en Ouganda et en République-Unie de Tanzanie. La présente analyse de l'étude menée au Bengladesh vise à décrire la qualité des soins dispensés aux enfants malades de moins de 5 ans dans les installations de santé publiques de premier niveau, en vue d'informer les responsables au niveau de l'Etat de la planification des programmes sanitaires destinés aux enfants. MÉTHODES: Des outils génériques permettant d'évaluer les installations de santé sous l'angle de l'efficacité, des coûts et de l'impact ont été adaptés, traduits et soumis à des tests préalables. Des médecins formés à la PCIME et à l'utilisation de ces outils ont mené l'enquête dans 19 installations de santé des zones étudiées. Les données ont été collectées à partir d'observations, d'entretiens de sortie, d'inventaires et d'entretiens avec les prestataires de soins des installations. RÉSULTATS: Parmi les enfants soignés dans ces installations, peu ont bénéficié d'une évaluation complète ou d'un traitement correct et presque aucune des personnes s'occupant de ces enfants n'a reçu de conseils sur la manière de poursuivre les soins à domicile. Environ un tiers des enfants malades dont les soins ont été éxaminés ont été pris en charge par des employés disposant d'un niveau de formation peu élevé, pour lesquels la probabilité de classer convenablement les enfants malades et de fournir aux personnes s'occupant d'eux des informations correctes sur les soins à dispenser à domicile était néanmoins nettement plus élevée que pour le personnel soignant ayant reçu une formation supérieure. CONCLUSION: Ces résultats démontrent qu'il est urgent d'intervenir pour améliorer la qualité des soins dispensés aux enfants malades dans les installations de premier niveau au Bengladesh et laissent à penser qu'il pourrait être profitable d'étendre les formations à la prise en charge des cas conformément à la PCIME aux employés disposant d'un faible niveau de formation. Ils semblent indiquer également que la stratégie PCIME offre un éventail prometteur d'interventions pour faire face aux problèmes liés aux services de santé pédiatriques au Bengladesh.

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          Most cited references20

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          Undernutrition as an underlying cause of child deaths associated with diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and measles.

          Previous analyses derived the relative risk (RR) of dying as a result of low weight-for-age and calculated the proportion of child deaths worldwide attributable to underweight. The objectives were to examine whether the risk of dying because of underweight varies by cause of death and to estimate the fraction of deaths by cause attributable to underweight. Data were obtained from investigators of 10 cohort studies with both weight-for-age category ( -1 SD) and cause of death information. All 10 studies contributed information on weight-for-age and risk of diarrhea, pneumonia, and all-cause mortality; however, only 6 studies contributed information on deaths because of measles, and only 3 studies contributed information on deaths because of malaria or fever. With use of weighted random effects models, we related the log mortality rate by cause and anthropometric status in each study to derive cause-specific RRs of dying because of undernutrition. Prevalences of each weight-for-age category were obtained from analyses of 310 national nutrition surveys. With use of the RR and prevalence information, we then calculated the fraction of deaths by cause attributable to undernutrition. The RR of mortality because of low weight-for-age was elevated for each cause of death and for all-cause mortality. Overall, 52.5% of all deaths in young children were attributable to undernutrition, varying from 44.8% for deaths because of measles to 60.7% for deaths because of diarrhea. A significant proportion of deaths in young children worldwide is attributable to low weight-for-age, and efforts to reduce malnutrition should be a policy priority.
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            Effect of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) on health worker performance in Northeast-Brazil

            A multi-country evaluation is being carried out in Brazil and four other countries to determine the effectiveness, cost, and impact of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI). We examine the effect of IMCI on the quality of health care provided to children under five visiting health facilities. A health facility survey was conducted at 24 facilities (12 with IMCI) in each of four States in the Northeast. We assessed the quality of care provided to children between 2 months and 5 years attending the facilities. Health workers trained in IMCI provided significantly better care than those not trained. Significant differences between health workers who were trained or not trained in IMCI were found in the assessment of the child, disease classification, treatment, and caretaker communication. Nurses trained in IMCI performed as well as, and sometimes better than, medical officers trained in IMCI. We conclude that while there is room for further improvement, IMCI case management training significantly improves health worker performance, and that parts of Brazil that have not yet introduced IMCI should be encouraged to do so.
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              The decline in child mortality: a reappraisal

              The present paper examines, describes and documents country-specific trends in under-five mortality rates (i.e., mortality among children under five years of age) in the 1990s. Our analysis updates previous studies by UNICEF, the World Bank and the United Nations. It identifies countries and WHO regions where sustained improvement has occurred and those where setbacks are evident. A consistent series of estimates of under-five mortality rate is provided and an indication is given of historical trends during the period 1950-2000 for both developed and developing countries. It is estimated that 10.5 million children aged 0-4 years died in 1999, about 2.2 million or 17.5% fewer than a decade earlier. On average about 15% of newborn children in Africa are expected to die before reaching their fifth birthday. The corresponding figures for many other parts of the developing world are in the range 3-8% and that for Europe is under 2%. During the 1990s the decline in child mortality decelerated in all the WHO regions except the Western Pacific but there is no widespread evidence of rising child mortality rates. At the country level there are exceptions in southern Africa where the prevalence of HIV is extremely high and in Asia where a few countries are beset by economic difficulties. The slowdown in the rate of decline is of particular concern in Africa and South-East Asia because it is occurring at relatively high levels of mortality, and in countries experiencing severe economic dislocation. As the HIV/AIDS epidemic continues in Africa, particularly southern Africa, and in parts of Asia, further reductions in child mortality become increasingly unlikely until substantial progress in controlling the spread of HIV is achieved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra, Genebra, Switzerland )
                0042-9686
                April 2005
                : 83
                : 4
                : 260-267
                Affiliations
                [03] Geneva orgnameWorld Health Organization orgdiv1Department of Child and Adolescent Health Switzerland
                [01] Dhaka orgnameInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research Bangladesh
                [04] Baltimore MD orgnameJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health USA
                [02] New York orgnameIthaca USA
                Article
                S0042-96862005000400009 S0042-9686(05)08300409
                /S0042-96862005000400009
                2626213
                15868016
                ce5bdb2f-a60e-4779-a193-f0e926d76d6d

                History
                : 22 July 2004
                : 05 January 2005
                : 04 January 2005
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 21, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Research

                Bangladesh,Child, Preschool,Quality of health care,Enfant âge pré-scolaire,Quality indicators, Health care,Indicadores de calidad de la atención de salud,Primary health care,Atención primaria de salud,Indicateurs qualité santé,Preescolar,Bengladesh,Soins santé primaire,Child health services,Servicios de salud infantil,Calidad de la atención de salud,Service santé infantile,Enquête système de santé,Health care surveys,Encuestas de atención de la salud,Qualité soins

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