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      Nanoparticles as antimicrobial and antiviral agents: A literature-based perspective study

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          Abstract

          The scientific explorations of nanoparticles for their inherent therapeutic potencies as antimicrobial and antiviral agents due to increasing incidences of antibiotic resistance have gained more attention in recent time. This factor amongst others necessitates the search for newer and more effective antimicrobial agents. Several investigations have demonstrated the prospects of nanoparticles in the treatment of various microbial infections. The therapeutic applications of nanoparticles as either delivery agent or broad spectrum inhibition agents in viral and microbial investigations can no longer be overlooked. Their large surface area to volume ratio made them an indispensable substance as delivery agents in many respect. Various materials have been used for the synthesis of nanoparticles with unique properties channelised to meet specific therapeutic requirement. This review focuses on the antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral potential of nanoparticles with their probable mechanism of action.

          Abstract

          Bacteria; Fungi; Virus; Nanoparticles; Anti-microbial therapy.

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          Antibiotic resistance-the need for global solutions.

          Ramanan Laxminarayan, Adriano Duse, Chand Wattal … (2013)
          The causes of antibiotic resistance are complex and include human behaviour at many levels of society; the consequences affect everybody in the world. Similarities with climate change are evident. Many efforts have been made to describe the many different facets of antibiotic resistance and the interventions needed to meet the challenge. However, coordinated action is largely absent, especially at the political level, both nationally and internationally. Antibiotics paved the way for unprecedented medical and societal developments, and are today indispensible in all health systems. Achievements in modern medicine, such as major surgery, organ transplantation, treatment of preterm babies, and cancer chemotherapy, which we today take for granted, would not be possible without access to effective treatment for bacterial infections. Within just a few years, we might be faced with dire setbacks, medically, socially, and economically, unless real and unprecedented global coordinated actions are immediately taken. Here, we describe the global situation of antibiotic resistance, its major causes and consequences, and identify key areas in which action is urgently needed. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities

            Ibrahim Khan, Khalid Saeed, Idrees Khan (2017)
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              Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism

              Amna Sirelkhatim, Shahrom Mahmud, Azman Seeni … (2015)
              Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) has received significant interest worldwide particularly by the implementation of nanotechnology to synthesize particles in the nanometer region. Many microorganisms exist in the range from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers. ZnO-NPs exhibit attractive antibacterial properties due to increased specific surface area as the reduced particle size leading to enhanced particle surface reactivity. ZnO is a bio-safe material that possesses photo-oxidizing and photocatalysis impacts on chemical and biological species. This review covered ZnO-NPs antibacterial activity including testing methods, impact of UV illumination, ZnO particle properties (size, concentration, morphology, and defects), particle surface modification, and minimum inhibitory concentration. Particular emphasize was given to bactericidal and bacteriostatic mechanisms with focus on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), OH− (hydroxyl radicals), and O2 −2 (peroxide). ROS has been a major factor for several mechanisms including cell wall damage due to ZnO-localized interaction, enhanced membrane permeability, internalization of NPs due to loss of proton motive force and uptake of toxic dissolved zinc ions. These have led to mitochondria weakness, intracellular outflow, and release in gene expression of oxidative stress which caused eventual cell growth inhibition and cell death. In some cases, enhanced antibacterial activity can be attributed to surface defects on ZnO abrasive surface texture. One functional application of the ZnO antibacterial bioactivity was discussed in food packaging industry where ZnO-NPs are used as an antibacterial agent toward foodborne diseases. Proper incorporation of ZnO-NPs into packaging materials can cause interaction with foodborne pathogens, thereby releasing NPs onto food surface where they come in contact with bad bacteria and cause the bacterial death and/or inhibition.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Mohammad Torequl Islam
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Heliyon
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Heliyon
                Title: Heliyon
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2405-8440
                Publication date PMC-release: 13 March 2021
                Publication date Collection: March 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 March 2021
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: e06456
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
                [b ]Department of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
                [c ]Department of Biochemistry, Medicinal Biochemistry, Infectious Diseases, Nanomedicine & Toxicology Laboratory, Landmark University, P.M.B. 1001, Omu-Aran 251101, Kwara State, Nigeria
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. dmt.islam@ 123456bsmrstu.edu.bd
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2405-8440(21)00561-2 Publisher ID: e06456
                DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06456
                PMC ID: 7973307
                PubMed ID: 33763612
                SO-VID: c475e818-c49b-40de-80b1-de4a2b487f81
                Copyright © © 2021 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 5 October 2020
                Date revision received : 4 December 2020
                Date accepted : 4 March 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                Keywords: bacteria,fungi,virus,nanoparticles,anti-microbial therapy
                Data availability:
                Keywords: bacteria, fungi, virus, nanoparticles, anti-microbial therapy

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