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      Big data and analysis of risk factors for gallbladder disease in the young generation of Korea

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          Abstract

          Background/Purpose

          Few studies have examined the risk factors for gallbladder (GB) disease in young adults. This study aimed to evaluate risk factors for GB disease in young adults based on big data in Korea.

          Methods

          All participants underwent routine checkup at the Korea Medical Institute from June 2014 to May 2015. After excluding 677 individuals with missing information in records, 724,114 individuals (435,635 men, 288,479 women) were finally included. The definition of abnormal GB finding included stones, sludge, polyps, and adenomyomatosis detected using ultrasonography. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS software version 9.2.

          Results

          Overall, 27,130 (17.5%) individuals were diagnosed as having abnormal GB finding in the young age group (N = 154,463, aged 20–39 years). In men, significant differences in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and cholesterol levels were observed between the abnormal GB finding group and normal GB group (p < 0.05). In women, a significant difference in smoking history was noted between the abnormal GB finding group and normal GB group (p < 0.05). The prevalence rate of GB stones was 1.9% (27,979/154,463) in the young age group. High body mass index (BMI), large thigh circumference, and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level in women and low HDL level in men were independent risk factors for the presence of GB stones (p < 0.05).

          Conclusion

          In this study, obesity-related factors (BMI, waist size, thigh circumference, and cholesterol, LDL, and HDL levels) correlated with GB disease in the young generation of Korea.

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          Most cited references29

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          EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones.

          (2016)
          Article 0 comments Cited 170 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Cigarette smoking and serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations: an analysis of published data.

            J Haddow, David Craig, Glenn E. Palomaki (1989)
            To examine the association between cigarette smoking in adults and serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations the results of 54 published studies were analysed. Overall, smokers had significantly higher serum concentrations of cholesterol (3.0%), triglycerides (9.1%), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (10.4%), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.7%) and lower serum concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (-5.7%) and apolipoprotein AI (-4.2%) compared with nonsmokers. Among non-smokers and light, moderate, and heavy smokers a significant dose response effect was present for cholesterol (0, 1.8, 4.3, and 4.5% respectively), triglycerides (0, 10.7, 11.5, and 18.0%), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (0, 7.2, 44.4, and 39.0%), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (0, -1.1, 1.4, and 11.0%), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (0, -4.6, -6.3, and -8.9%), and apolipoprotein AI (0, -3.7 and -5.7% in non-smokers and light and heavy smokers). These dose response effects may provide new evidence for a causal relation between exposure to cigarette smoke and changes in serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations whether as a direct result of physiological changes or of dietary changes induced by smoking. Adequate prospective data to estimate the excess risk of coronary artery disease existed only for cholesterol concentration. When that information was combined with data from the present study, and given that smokers as a group face an average overall excess risk of coronary artery disease of 70%, it was estimated that the observed increased serum cholesterol concentration in smokers may account for at least 9% of that excess risk. Furthermore, the dose response effect of smoking on serum cholesterol concentration suggests a gradient of increased absolute risk of coronary artery disease between light and heavy smokers.
            Article 0 comments Cited 140 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Epidemiology and risk factors for gallstone disease: has the paradigm changed in the 21st century?

              Eldon Shaffer (2005)
              Gallstone disease is common and costly, creating over 700,000 cholecystectomies annually. Its complications consume approximately $6.5 billion in the United States. Surveys using noninvasive ultrasonography have identified its true prevalence and the associated risk factors. In developed countries, at least 10% of white adults harbor cholesterol gallstones; women have twice the risk, and age further increases the prevalence in both sexes. Gallstones reach epidemic proportions in the North and South American Indian populations, accompanied by an increased risk for gallbladder cancer. In contrast, the rate in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia is quite low. Obesity, a major risk factor, likely relates to insulin resistance (the metabolic syndrome). Evolution and circumstance in American Indians may have ironically selected those with "thrifty" genes that conserve energy. Our abundant access to food places us at the increased risk of obesity and cholelithiasis. The general rise in obesity in many countries raises the specter of heightened disease, best identified by epidemiologic studies.
              Article 0 comments Cited 140 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Hyung Sun Kim: Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – original draft
                Seong Kyung Cho: Role: Data curationRole: MethodologyRole: Resources
                Chang Soo Kim:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5940-5649
                Role: Formal analysisRole: ResourcesRole: Supervision
                Joon Seong Park:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8048-9990
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                David Meyre: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 February 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0211480
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Pancreatobiliary Cancer Clinic, Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
                [2 ] Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
                McMaster University, CANADA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: This article was presented as an oral presentation with interim findings at the 6th Congress of the Asian-Pacific Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association (6th A-PHPBA) in Pacifico Yokohama, Japan, held on June 7–10, 2017. The oral presentation’s abstract was published as an “oral abstract” in the Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5940-5649
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8048-9990
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-18-24449
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211480
                PMC ID: 6386282
                PubMed ID: 30794560
                SO-VID: c388e836-8928-40e2-aeb1-17e890cba16c
                Copyright © © 2019 Kim et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 20 August 2018
                Date accepted : 15 January 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 5, Pages: 13
                Funding
                Funded by: Korea Medical Institute(KMI)
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8048-9990
                This thesis was financially supported by Korea Medical Institute (KMI).
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Parameters
                Subject: Body Weight
                Subject: Obesity
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Parameters
                Subject: Body Weight
                Subject: Obesity
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Parameters
                Subject: Body Weight
                Subject: Body Mass Index
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Parameters
                Subject: Body Weight
                Subject: Body Mass Index
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Biochemistry
                Subject: Lipids
                Subject: Cholesterol
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Epidemiology
                Subject: Medical Risk Factors
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Age Groups
                Subject: Young Adults
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Age Groups
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Biochemistry
                Subject: Proteins
                Subject: Lipoproteins
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Anthropometry
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Anthropometry
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All data underlying the study are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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