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      Iran supports a great share of biodiversity and floristic endemism for Fritillaria spp. (Liliaceae): A review

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          Abstract

          Iran supports a great share of exotic and/or endemic plant genera and species. The genus Fritillaria (Liliaceae) is a precious part of this botanical richness with 19 species, of which 10 are endemic to the country. However, signs are mounting that the country is truly at a crossroads when it comes to preservation of this national wealth. In this regard, an effective conservation strategy should thoroughly consider the classification of Fritillaria, as conservation practices are compromised by knowledge gaps in systematics and taxonomy. As published studies on Fritillaria in Iran have been sporadic and limited in scope, the aim of this review is to provide information necessary to help bridge these information gaps. Our objective is to facilitate increased understanding of the geographic, taxonomic, cytogenetic and phylogenetic status of Iranian Fritillaria, which is vital to meeting the goal of sustainable conservation of the genus in Iran and neighboring areas.

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          The role of taxonomy in species conservation.

          Georgina Mace (2004)
          Taxonomy and species conservation are often assumed to be completely interdependent activities. However, a shortage of taxonomic information and skills, and confusion over where the limits to 'species' should be set, both cause problems for conservationists. There is no simple solution because species lists used for conservation planning (e.g. threatened species, species richness estimates, species covered by legislation) are often also used to determine which units should be the focus of conservation actions; this despite the fact that the two processes have such different goals and information needs. Species conservation needs two kinds of taxonomic solution: (i) a set of practical rules to standardize the species units included on lists; and (ii) an approach to the units chosen for conservation recovery planning which recognizes the dynamic nature of natural systems and the differences from the units in listing processes that result. These solutions are well within our grasp but require a new kind of collaboration among conservation biologists, taxonomists and legislators, as well as an increased resource of taxonomists with relevant and high-quality skills.
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            Species diversity can drive speciation.

            Niclas Kolm, Brent C. Emerson (2005)
            A fundamental question in evolutionary ecology and conservation biology is: why do some areas contain greater species diversity than others? Island biogeographic theory has identified the roles of immigration and extinction in relation to area size and proximity to source areas, and the role of speciation is also recognized as an important factor. However, one as yet unexplored possibility is that species diversity itself might help to promote speciation, and indeed the central tenets of island biogeographic theory support such a prediction. Here we use data for plants and arthropods of the volcanic archipelagos of the Canary and Hawaiian Islands to address whether there is a positive relationship between species diversity and rate of diversification. Our index of diversification for each island is the proportion of species that are endemic, and we test our prediction that this increases with increasing species number. We show that even after controlling for several important physical features of islands, diversification is strongly related to species number.
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              Chromosome diversity and evolution in Liliaceae.

              L Peruzzi, I Leitch, K Caparelli (2009)
              There is an extensive literature on the diversity of karyotypes found in genera within Liliaceae, but there has been no attempt to analyse these data within a robust phylogenetic framework. In part this has been due to a lack of consensus on which genera comprise Liliaceae and the relationships between them. Recently, however, this changed with the proposal for a relatively broad circumscription of Liliaceae comprising 15 genera and an improved understanding of the evolutionary relationships between them. Thus there is now the opportunity to examine patterns and trends in chromosome evolution across the family as a whole. Based on an extensive literature survey, karyo-morphometric features for 217 species belonging to all genera in Liliaceae sensu the APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) were obtained. Included in the data set were basic chromosome number, ploidy, chromosome total haploid length (THL) and 13 different measures of karyotype asymmetry. In addition, genome size estimates for all species studied were inferred from THLs using a power regression model constructed from the data set. Trends in karyotype evolution were analysed by superimposing the karyological data onto a phylogenetic framework for Liliaceae. Combining the large amount of data enabled mean karyotypes to be produced, highlighting marked differences in karyotype structure between the 15 genera. Further differences were noted when various parameters for analysing karyotype asymmetry were assessed. By examining the effects of increasing genome size on karyotype asymmetry, it was shown that in many but not all (e.g. Fritillaria and all of Tulipeae) species, the additional DNA was added preferentially to the long arms of the shorter chromosomes rather than being distributed across the whole karyotype. This unequal pattern of DNA addition is novel, contrasting with the equal and proportional patterns of DNA increase previously reported. Overall, the large-scale analyses of karyotype features within a well-supported phylogenetic framework enabled the most likely patterns of chromosome evolution in Liliaceae to be reconstructed, highlighting diverse modes of karyotype evolution, even within this comparatively small monocot family.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Mahmoud Kiani
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Plant Divers
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Plant Divers
                Title: Plant Diversity
                Publisher: KeAi Publishing
                ISSN (Print): 2096-2703
                ISSN (Electronic): 2468-2659
                Publication date PMC-release: 13 September 2017
                Publication date Collection: October 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 September 2017
                Volume: 39
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 245-262
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Biotechnology & Medicinal Plants, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
                [b ]Department of Horticultural Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
                [c ]Department of Horticultural Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
                [d ]Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran
                [e ]Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
                [f ]Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahre Kord University, Shahre Kord, Iran
                [g ]Department of Physiology & Breeding of Ornamental Plants, Engineering Faculty of Horticulture Sciences, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
                [h ]Department of Plant Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, USA
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. Department of Biotechnology & Medicinal Plants, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Taleghani st., 35th Abazar, Amol, Mazandaran 4615863111, Iran. Fax: +98 1144153452. m.kiani@ 123456ausmt.ac.ir
                Article
                Publisher ID: S2468-2659(17)30051-3
                DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2017.09.002
                PMC ID: 6112302
                PubMed ID: 30159518
                SO-VID: c3441432-52a8-4557-91e2-e249af1f0dbd
                Copyright © © 2017 Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 10 April 2017
                Date revision received : 31 August 2017
                Date accepted : 6 September 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: conservation,ecosystem,endemic,phylogenetic,middle east,taxonomy
                Data availability:
                Keywords: conservation, ecosystem, endemic, phylogenetic, middle east, taxonomy

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