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      Droplet microfluidics for the highly controlled synthesis of branched gold nanoparticles

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          Abstract

          The synthesis of anisotropic metallic nanoparticles (NPs) has been a field of intense and challenging research in the past decade. In this communication, we report on the reproducible and highly controllable synthesis of monodisperse branched gold nanoparticles in a droplet-based microfluidics platform. The process has been automated by adapting two different bulk synthetic strategies to microdroplets, acting as microreactors, for NP synthesis: a surfactant-free synthesis and a surfactant-assisted synthesis. Microdroplets were generated in two different microfluidic devices designed to accommodate the requirements of both bulk syntheses. The epitaxial growth of AuNSTs inside the microdroplets allowed for a fine control of reagent mixing and local concentrations during particle formation. This is the first time branched gold NPs have been synthesised in a microfluidics platform. The monodispersity of the product was comparable to the synthesis in bulk, proving the potential of this technology for the continuous synthesis of high quality anisotropic NPs with improved reproducibility.

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          A study of the nucleation and growth processes in the synthesis of colloidal gold

          John Turkevich, Peter Cooper Stevenson, James Hillier (1951)
          Article 0 comments Cited 1126 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Atomically Precise Colloidal Metal Nanoclusters and Nanoparticles: Fundamentals and Opportunities.

            Rongchao Jin, Chenjie Zeng, Meng Zhou … (2016)
            Colloidal nanoparticles are being intensely pursued in current nanoscience research. Nanochemists are often frustrated by the well-known fact that no two nanoparticles are the same, which precludes the deep understanding of many fundamental properties of colloidal nanoparticles in which the total structures (core plus surface) must be known. Therefore, controlling nanoparticles with atomic precision and solving their total structures have long been major dreams for nanochemists. Recently, these goals are partially fulfilled in the case of gold nanoparticles, at least in the ultrasmall size regime (1-3 nm in diameter, often called nanoclusters). This review summarizes the major progress in the field, including the principles that permit atomically precise synthesis, new types of atomic structures, and unique physical and chemical properties of atomically precise nanoparticles, as well as exciting opportunities for nanochemists to understand very fundamental science of colloidal nanoparticles (such as the stability, metal-ligand interfacial bonding, ligand assembly on particle surfaces, aesthetic structural patterns, periodicities, and emergence of the metallic state) and to develop a range of potential applications such as in catalysis, biomedicine, sensing, imaging, optics, and energy conversion. Although most of the research activity currently focuses on thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters, important progress has also been achieved in other ligand-protected gold, silver, and bimetal (or alloy) nanoclusters. All of these types of unique nanoparticles will bring unprecedented opportunities, not only in understanding the fundamental questions of nanoparticles but also in opening up new horizons for scientific studies of nanoparticles.
            Article 0 comments Cited 611 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Anisotropic metal nanoparticles: Synthesis, assembly, and optical applications.

              Catherine J Murphy, Tapan K. Sau, Anand M. Gole … (2005)
              This feature article highlights work from the authors' laboratories on the synthesis, assembly, reactivity, and optical applications of metallic nanoparticles of nonspherical shape, especially nanorods. The synthesis is a seed-mediated growth procedure, in which metal salts are reduced initially with a strong reducing agent, in water, to produce approximately 4 nm seed particles. Subsequent reduction of more metal salt with a weak reducing agent, in the presence of structure-directing additives, leads to the controlled formation of nanorods of specified aspect ratio and can also yield other shapes of nanoparticles (stars, tetrapods, blocks, cubes, etc.). Variations in reaction conditions and crystallographic analysis of gold nanorods have led to insight into the growth mechanism of these materials. Assembly of nanorods can be driven by simple evaporation from solution or by rational design with molecular-scale connectors. Short nanorods appear to be more chemically reactive than long nanorods. Finally, optical applications in sensing and imaging, which take advantage of the visible light absorption and scattering properties of the nanorods, are discussed.
              Article 0 comments Cited 437 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Sara Abalde-Cela:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5615-594X
                sara.abalde@inl.int
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 5 February 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 5 February 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2440
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000000121885934, GRID grid.5335.0, Department of Chemistry, , University of Cambridge, ; Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
                [2 ]International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avda Mestre José Veiga, 4715-310 Braga, Portugal
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0723 2494, GRID grid.411087.b, Institute of Chemistry, , University of Campinas, ; UNICAMP, CP 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP Brazil
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1090 0254, GRID grid.6738.a, Institut für Mikrotechnik (IMT), TU Braunschweig, ; Alte Salzdahlumer Straße 203, Braunschweig, 38124 Germany
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5615-594X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9371-9975
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9174-1987
                Article
                Publisher ID: 20754
                DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20754-x
                PMC ID: 5799180
                PubMed ID: 29402918
                SO-VID: c12edfd6-a301-4467-87fd-3d33a16f56f9
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2018
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 21 November 2017
                Date accepted : 22 January 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2018

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