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      Analysis of the capsular bend in posterior capsular opacification using anterior segment optical coherence tomography

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          To investigate the link between the capsular bend and the morphological types and characteristics of posterior capsular opacification (PCO) using anterior segment optical coherence tomography.

          Methods

          Thirty eyes with PCO were examined, and three types of PCO were identified: pearl, fibrosis, and mixed. We assessed anterior capsular overlap, intraocular lens-capsule adhesion, and capsular bending. In addition to measuring the intraocular lens-posterior capsule distance and capsule bending angle (CBA), the PCO parameters (area, density, and score at 6-, 5-, and 3-mm intraocular lens optic regions) were recorded. The associations between capsular bend and PCO type and characteristics were investigated. A control group of 12 eyes without PCO was used to compare the study variables.

          Results

          With p values greater than 0.001, there was a statistically significant difference in the mean PCO area and score at the 6-, 5-, and 3-mm optic zones in different PCO types, with the pearl type having the highest value, followed by the mixed type, and finally the fibrosis type. The PCO group had a significantly higher mean CBA than the control group ( P = 0.001). CBA was positively related to intraocular lens-posterior capsule distance, PCO area, and PCO score at the 6-, 5-, and 3-mm zones ( P = 0.001). The receiver operating characteristic curve's cut-off point for CBA was 96.85° when comparing PCO cases to controls. Partial overlap and incomplete adhesion were statistically more common in the PCO eyes than in the control ( P = 0.001, 0.003, respectively).

          Conclusion

          PCO types and CBA have a strong relationship with PCO score and intraocular lens-posterior capsule space. In PCO's eyes, CBA has a cut-off value of 96.85°.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10792-023-02897-7.

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          Most cited references24

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          Posterior capsule opacification

          A complication of extracapsular cataract extraction with or without posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC-IOL) implantation is posterior capsule opacification. This condition is usually secondary to a proliferation and migration of residual lens epithelial cells. Opacification may be reduced by atraumatic surgery and thorough cortical clean-up. Clinical, pathological and experimental studies have shown that use of hydrodissection, the continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis and specific IOL designs may help reduce the incidence of this complication. Capsular-fixated, one-piece all-polymethylmethacrylate PC-IOLs with a C-shaped loop configuration and a posterior convexity of the optic are effective. Polymethylmethacrylate loops that retain "memory" create a symmetric, radial stretch on the posterior capsule after in-the-bag placement, leading to a more complete contact between the posterior surface of the IOL optic and the taut capsule. This may help form a barrier against central migration of epithelial cells into the visual axis. Various pharmacological and immunological methods are being investigated but conclusive data on these modalities are not yet available.
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            A systematic overview of the incidence of posterior capsule opacification.

            Reported rates of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) vary widely and are based on various definitions of PCO, varying lengths and intervals of follow-up, and the use of different surgical techniques, intraocular lens (i.o.l.) designs, and methods of IOL implantation. This study was designed to obtain a more precise overall estimate of the incidence of PCO and to explore factors that might influence the rate of PCO development. A meta-analysis. Published articles were selected for study based on a computerized MEDLINE search of the literature and a manual search of the bibliographies of relevant articles. Articles meeting selected inclusion criteria were reviewed systematically, and the reported data were abstracted and synthesized using the statistical techniques of meta-analysis. Pooled estimates of the proportion of eyes developing PCO at three postoperative timepoints--1 year, 3 years, and 5 years--were measured. There is significant heterogeneity among published rates of PCO. The overall pooled estimates (95% confidence limits) of the incidence of PCO were 11.8% (9.3%-14.3%) at 1 year, 20.7% (16.6%-24.9%) at 3 years, and 28.4% (18.4%-38.4%) at 5 years after surgery. There is no evidence of a significant decline in PCO incidence during the study period. Visually significant PCO develops in more than 25% of patients undergoing standard extracapsular cataract extraction or phacoemulsification with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation over the first 5 years after surgery. Patient characteristics, surgical techniques, and differences in research design and reporting may account for some of the variability in reported rates. However, no specific factors were identified in the authors' analysis. More precise estimates of incidence and identification of risk factors for PCO will depend on the development of a standardized measurement of PCO and wider adoption of more rigorous study methodology.
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              Posterior capsule opacification: What's in the bag?

              Cataract, a clouding of the lens, is the most common cause of blindness in the world. It has a marked impact on the wellbeing and productivity of individuals and has a major economic impact on healthcare providers. The only means of treating cataract is by surgical intervention. A modern cataract operation generates a capsular bag, which comprises a proportion of the anterior capsule and the entire posterior capsule. The bag remains in situ, partitions the aqueous and vitreous humours, and in the majority of cases, houses an intraocular lens (IOL). The production of a capsular bag following surgery permits a free passage of light along the visual axis through the transparent intraocular lens and thin acellular posterior capsule. Lens epithelial cells, however, remain attached to the anterior capsule, and in response to surgical trauma initiate a wound-healing response that ultimately leads to light scatter and a reduction in visual quality known as posterior capsule opacification (PCO). There are two commonly-described forms of PCO: fibrotic and regenerative. Fibrotic PCO follows classically defined fibrotic processes, namely hyperproliferation, matrix contraction, matrix deposition and epithelial cell trans-differentiation to a myofibroblast phenotype. Regenerative PCO is defined by lens fibre cell differentiation events that give rise to Soemmerring's ring and Elschnig's pearls and becomes evident at a later stage than the fibrotic form. Both fibrotic and regenerative forms of PCO contribute to a reduction in visual quality in patients. This review will highlight the wealth of tools available for PCO research, provide insight into our current knowledge of PCO and discuss putative management of PCO from IOL design to pharmacological interventions.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                asmagamal14@gmail.com
                Journal
                Int Ophthalmol
                Int Ophthalmol
                International Ophthalmology
                Springer Netherlands (Dordrecht )
                0165-5701
                1573-2630
                28 October 2023
                28 October 2023
                2023
                : 43
                : 12
                : 4945-4958
                Affiliations
                Present Address: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine (for Girls), Al-Azhar University, ( https://ror.org/05fnp1145) Cairo, Egypt
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0407-1186
                Article
                2897
                10.1007/s10792-023-02897-7
                10724338
                37897540
                c01d5e78-a6df-4d92-9283-a541328a0cf1
                © The Author(s) 2023

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 1 March 2023
                : 27 September 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: Al-Azhar University
                Categories
                Original Paper
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Nature B.V. 2023

                Ophthalmology & Optometry
                posterior capsular opacification,capsular bend,anterior segment optical coherence tomography,pco score

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