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      Viral nanoparticles for drug delivery, imaging, immunotherapy, and theranostic applications

      review-article
      Author(s): a , 1 , b , 1 , a , b , c , d , e , *
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
      Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
      Keywords: Plant viruses, Bacteriophages, Drug delivery systems, Chemotherapy, Vaccine, Cancer, Infectious disease, Contrast agents, Theranostics, VLP, virus-like particle, CPMV, cowpea mosaic virus, CCMV, cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, TMV, tobacco mosaic virus, PVX, potato virus X, RCNMV, red clover necrotic mosaic virus, PapMV, papaya mosaic virus, HBc, hepatitis B core, HPV, human papillomavirus, HIV, human immunodeficiency virus, TVEC, talimogene laherparepvec, GFP, green fluorescent protein, DC, dendritic cell, APC, antigen presenting cell, CTL, cytotoxic T-cell, NAbs, neutralizing antibodies, TLR, toll-like receptor, TAA, tumor-associated antigens, TACA, tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens, CD, cardiovascular disease, CT, computed tomography, MRI, magnetic resonance imaging, PET, position emission tomography, NIR, near-infrared, PTT, photothermal therapy

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          Abstract

          Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) encompass a diverse array of naturally occurring nanomaterials derived from plant viruses, bacteriophages, and mammalian viruses. The application and development of VNPs and their genome-free versions, the virus-like particles (VLPs), for nanomedicine is a rapidly growing. VLPs can encapsulate a wide range of active ingredients as well as be genetically or chemically conjugated to targeting ligands to achieve tissue specificity. VLPs are manufactured through scalable fermentation or molecular farming, and the materials are biocompatible and biodegradable. These properties have led to a wide range of applications, including cancer therapies, immunotherapies, vaccines, antimicrobial therapies, cardiovascular therapies, gene therapies, as well as imaging and theranostics. The use of VLPs as drug delivery agents is evolving, and sufficient research must continuously be undertaken to translate these therapies to the clinic. This review highlights some of the novel research efforts currently underway in the VNP drug delivery field in achieving this greater goal.

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          Self-assembling influenza nanoparticle vaccines elicit broadly neutralizing H1N1 antibodies.

          Masaru Kanekiyo, Chih-Jen Wei, Hadi M Yassine … (2013)
          Influenza viruses pose a significant threat to the public and are a burden on global health systems. Each year, influenza vaccines must be rapidly produced to match circulating viruses, a process constrained by dated technology and vulnerable to unexpected strains emerging from humans and animal reservoirs. Here we use knowledge of protein structure to design self-assembling nanoparticles that elicit broader and more potent immunity than traditional influenza vaccines. The viral haemagglutinin was genetically fused to ferritin, a protein that naturally forms nanoparticles composed of 24 identical polypeptides. Haemagglutinin was inserted at the interface of adjacent subunits so that it spontaneously assembled and generated eight trimeric viral spikes on its surface. Immunization with this influenza nanoparticle vaccine elicited haemagglutination inhibition antibody titres more than tenfold higher than those from the licensed inactivated vaccine. Furthermore, it elicited neutralizing antibodies to two highly conserved vulnerable haemagglutinin structures that are targets of universal vaccines: the stem and the receptor binding site on the head. Antibodies elicited by a 1999 haemagglutinin-nanoparticle vaccine neutralized H1N1 viruses from 1934 to 2007 and protected ferrets from an unmatched 2007 H1N1 virus challenge. This structure-based, self-assembling synthetic nanoparticle vaccine improves the potency and breadth of influenza virus immunity, and it provides a foundation for building broader vaccine protection against emerging influenza viruses and other pathogens.
          Article 0 comments Cited 368 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Integrating oncolytic viruses in combination cancer immunotherapy

            Howard L. Kaufman, Praveen K. Bommareddy, Megha Shettigar (2018)
            Oncolytic viruses can be usefully integrated into tumour immunotherapies, as they target multiple steps within the cancer-immunity cycle. Oncolytic viruses directly lyse tumour cells, leading to the release of soluble antigens, danger signals and type I interferons, which drive antitumour immunity. In addition, some oncolytic viruses can be engineered to express therapeutic genes or can functionally alter tumour-associated endothelial cells, further enhancing T cell recruitment into immune-excluded or immune-deserted tumour microenvironments. Oncolytic viruses can also utilize established tumours as an in situ source of neoantigen vaccination through cross-presentation, resulting in regression of distant, uninfected tumours. These features make oncolytic viruses attractive agents for combination strategies to optimize cancer immunotherapy.
            Article 0 comments Cited 278 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV and Their Role in Vaccine Design.

              Dennis R. Burton, Lars Hangartner (2016)
              HIV employs multiple means to evade the humoral immune response, particularly the elicitation of and recognition by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Such antibodies can act antivirally against a wide spectrum of viruses by targeting relatively conserved regions on the surface HIV envelope trimer spike. Elicitation of and recognition by bnAbs are hindered by the arrangement of spikes on virions and the relatively difficult access to bnAb epitopes on spikes, including the proximity of variable regions and a high density of glycans. Yet, in a small proportion of HIV-infected individuals, potent bnAb responses do develop, and isolation of the corresponding monoclonal antibodies has been facilitated by identification of favorable donors with potent bnAb sera and by development of improved methods for human antibody generation. Molecular studies of recombinant Env trimers, alone and in interaction with bnAbs, are providing new insights that are fueling the development and testing of promising immunogens aimed at the elicitation of bnAbs.
              Article 0 comments Cited 275 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Nicole F. Steinmetz
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Adv Drug Deliv Rev
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev
                Title: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
                Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
                ISSN (Print): 0169-409X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1872-8294
                Publication date PMC-release: 27 June 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 June 2020
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
                [b ]Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
                [c ]Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
                [d ]Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
                [e ]Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States. nsteinmetz@ 123456ucsd.edu
                [1]

                These authors contributed equally

                Article
                Publisher ID: S0169-409X(20)30070-3
                DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.024
                PMC ID: 7320870
                PubMed ID: 32603813
                SO-VID: bf1e2f4f-1020-4ea7-843a-572803b7cfd6
                Copyright © © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 4 May 2020
                Date revision received : 19 June 2020
                Date accepted : 21 June 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: plant viruses,bacteriophages,drug delivery systems,chemotherapy,vaccine,cancer,infectious disease,contrast agents,theranostics,vlp, virus-like particle,cpmv, cowpea mosaic virus,ccmv, cowpea chlorotic mottle virus,tmv, tobacco mosaic virus,pvx, potato virus x,rcnmv, red clover necrotic mosaic virus,papmv, papaya mosaic virus,hbc, hepatitis b core,hpv, human papillomavirus,hiv, human immunodeficiency virus,tvec, talimogene laherparepvec,gfp, green fluorescent protein,dc, dendritic cell,apc, antigen presenting cell,ctl, cytotoxic t-cell,nabs, neutralizing antibodies,tlr, toll-like receptor,taa, tumor-associated antigens,taca, tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens,cd, cardiovascular disease,ct, computed tomography,mri, magnetic resonance imaging,pet, position emission tomography,nir, near-infrared,ptt, photothermal therapy
                Data availability:
                Keywords: plant viruses, bacteriophages, drug delivery systems, chemotherapy, vaccine, cancer, infectious disease, contrast agents, theranostics, vlp, virus-like particle, cpmv, cowpea mosaic virus, ccmv, cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, tmv, tobacco mosaic virus, pvx, potato virus x, rcnmv, red clover necrotic mosaic virus, papmv, papaya mosaic virus, hbc, hepatitis b core, hpv, human papillomavirus, hiv, human immunodeficiency virus, tvec, talimogene laherparepvec, gfp, green fluorescent protein, dc, dendritic cell, apc, antigen presenting cell, ctl, cytotoxic t-cell, nabs, neutralizing antibodies, tlr, toll-like receptor, taa, tumor-associated antigens, taca, tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens, cd, cardiovascular disease, ct, computed tomography, mri, magnetic resonance imaging, pet, position emission tomography, nir, near-infrared, ptt, photothermal therapy

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