Applications of Infrared and Raman Spectroscopies to Probiotic Investigation

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Abstract

In this review, we overview the most important contributions of vibrational spectroscopy based techniques in the study of probiotics and lactic acid bacteria. First, we briefly introduce the fundamentals of these techniques, together with the main multivariate analytical tools used for spectral interpretation. Then, four main groups of applications are reported: (a) bacterial taxonomy (Subsection 4.1); (b) bacterial preservation (Subsection 4.2); (c) monitoring processes involving lactic acid bacteria and probiotics (Subsection 4.3); (d) imaging-based applications (Subsection 4.4). A final conclusion, underlying the potentialities of these techniques, is presented.

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The role of vitrification in anhydrobiosis.

J H Crowe, J F Carpenter, L M Crowe (1998)

Numerous organisms are capable of surviving more or less complete dehydration. A common feature in their biochemistry is that they accumulate large amounts of disaccharides, the most common of which are sucrose and trehalose. Over the past 20 years, we have provided evidence that these sugars stabilize membranes and proteins in the dry state, most likely by hydrogen bonding to polar residues in the dry macromolecular assemblages. This direct interaction results in maintenance of dry proteins and membranes in a physical state similar to that seen in the presence of excess water. An alternative viewpoint has been proposed, based on the fact that both sucrose and trehalose form glasses in the dry state. It has been suggested that glass formation (vitrification) is in itself sufficient to stabilize dry biomaterials. In this review we present evidence that, although vitrification is indeed required, it is not in itself sufficient. Instead, both direct interaction and vitrification are required. Special properties have often been claimed for trehalose in this regard. In fact, trehalose has been shown by many workers to be remarkably (and sometimes uniquely) effective in stabilizing dry or frozen biomolecules, cells, and tissues. Others have not observed any such special properties. We review evidence here showing that trehalose has a remarkably high glass-transition temperature (Tg). It is not anomalous in this regard because it lies at the end of a continuum of sugars with increasing Tg. However, it is unusual in that addition of small amounts of water does not depress Tg, as in other sugars. Instead, a dihydrate crystal of trehalose forms, thereby shielding the remaining glassy trehalose from effects of the added water. Thus under less than ideal conditions such as high humidity and temperature, trehalose does indeed have special properties, which may explain the stability and longevity of anhydrobiotes that contain it. Further, it makes this sugar useful in stabilization of biomolecules of use in human welfare.

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Probiotics: definition, sources, selection, and uses.

Mary Ellen Sanders (2008)

Interest in probiotics is at an all-time high in the United States, driven in part by new products emerging in the market, by US researchers eager to evaluate efficacy claims rigorously, and by consumers interested in potential therapeutic and preventive health benefits. The US marketplace is a mixed bag of products, some well-defined and properly evaluated in controlled clinical studies and others with unsubstantiated claims of efficacy. Validation of probiotic contents in commercial products is needed to ensure consumer confidence. The term "probiotic" should be used only for products that meet the scientific criteria for this term-namely, products that contain an adequate dose of live microbes that have been documented in target-host studies to confer a health benefit. Probiotics must be identified to the level of strain, must be characterized for the specific health target, and must be formulated into products using strains and doses shown to be efficacious. Several characteristics commonly presumed to be essential to probiotics, such as human origin and the ability to improve the balance of the intestinal microbiota, are discussed.

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Polyphasic taxonomy, a consensus approach to bacterial systematics.

P. Vandamme, B Pot, Arjan P Vos … (1996)

Over the last 25 years, a much broader range of taxonomic studies of bacteria has gradually replaced the former reliance upon morphological, physiological, and biochemical characterization. This polyphasic taxonomy takes into account all available phenotypic and genotypic data and integrates them in a consensus type of classification, framed in a general phylogeny derived from 16S rRNA sequence analysis. In some cases, the consensus classification is a compromise containing a minimum of contradictions. It is thought that the more parameters that will become available in the future, the more polyphasic classification will gain stability. In this review, the practice of polyphasic taxonomy is discussed for four groups of bacteria chosen for their relevance, complexity, or both: the genera Xanthomonas and Campylobacter, the lactic acid bacteria, and the family Comamonadaceae. An evaluation of our present insights, the conclusions derived from it, and the perspectives of polyphasic taxonomy are discussed, emphasizing the keystone role of the species. Taxonomists did not succeed in standardizing species delimitation by using percent DNA hybridization values. Together with the absence of another "gold standard" for species definition, this has an enormous repercussion on bacterial taxonomy. This problem is faced in polyphasic taxonomy, which does not depend on a theory, a hypothesis, or a set of rules, presenting a pragmatic approach to a consensus type of taxonomy, integrating all available data maximally. In the future, polyphasic taxonomy will have to cope with (i) enormous amounts of data, (ii) large numbers of strains, and (iii) data fusion (data aggregation), which will demand efficient and centralized data storage. In the future, taxonomic studies will require collaborative efforts by specialized laboratories even more than now is the case. Whether these future developments will guarantee a more stable consensus classification remains an open question.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Felix Barron: Role: Academic Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Foods

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Foods

Journal ID (publisher-id): foods

Title: Foods

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 2304-8158

Publication date (Electronic): 17 July 2015

Publication date Collection: September 2015

Volume: 4

Issue: 3

Pages: 283-305

Affiliations

[1 ]Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA, CCT-CONICET La Plata), 1900 La Plata, Argentina; E-Mails: maurysantos@ 123456hotmail.com (M.I.S.); estebanq2001@ 123456hotmail.com (E.G.)

[2 ]Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Quilmes, 1876 Buenos Aires, Argentina; E-Mail: elitym@ 123456yahoo.com.ar

Author notes

[* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: angoza@ 123456qui.uc.pt ; Tel.: +54-221-4890741; Fax: +54-221-4249287.

Article

Publisher ID: foods-04-00283

DOI: 10.3390/foods4030283

PMC ID: 5224548

PubMed ID: 28231205

SO-VID: be68d47b-4fe6-41ac-9eb3-a9a70e60df5d

License:

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

History

Date received : 17 June 2015

Date accepted : 09 July 2015

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Applications of Infrared and Raman Spectroscopies to Probiotic Investigation

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Abstract

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Applications of SAXS

Most cited references 125

The role of vitrification in anhydrobiosis.

Probiotics: definition, sources, selection, and uses.

Polyphasic taxonomy, a consensus approach to bacterial systematics.

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