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      Relación entre la composición corporal y el riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en mujeres mayores activas de Chillán (Chile) Translated title: Relationship between body composition and the risk of non-communicable chronic diseases in active older women from Chillán (Chile)

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          RESUMEN

          Fundamentos:

          En Chile, las personas mayores representan el 18% de la población. En mujeres, el proceso de envejecimiento impacta sobre la composición corporal, además de coexistir con otras patologías como enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT). El objetivo del estudio fue relacionar la composición corporal con la presencia de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en mujeres mayores activas de la ciudad de Chillán.

          Métodos:

          La muestra quedó compuesta por 284 mujeres pertenecientes a centros de adultos mayores de Chillán. La composición corporal se determinó por bioempidenciometría. La información sociodemográfica, las patologías prevalentes, los síndromes geriátricos y la actividad física se recabó mediante cuestionario validado. Los datos se analizaron con estadística descriptiva e inferencial en el software STATA 15.0 con un α<0,05.

          Resultados:

          De la muestra, el 63% tenía menos de setenta y cinco años, 77,5% presentó una escolaridad por debajo de los doce años, el nivel socioeconómico predominante fue bajo, y la mala percepción de salud fue referida mayoritariamente al igual que el uso regular de medicamentos. La hipertensión arterial (HTA) y la hipercolesterolemia fueron prevalentes con un 70,4% y un 48,2%, respectivamente. El Índice de masa corporal (IMC) fue de 29,7±4,8 y el 71,8% tenía malnutrición por exceso. El grupo mayor a setenta y cinco años presentó más grasa corporal (MGT) y agua extracelular (AEC). La HTA se relacionó con mayor IMC, MGT, CMB (Circunferencia Media del Brazo), CP (Circunferencia de Pantorrilla) y AEC (p<0,05), mientras que la Diabetes mellitus con el IMC y la CMB.

          Conclusiones:

          La hipertensión es la patología más frecuente y se relaciona con mayor IMC, MGT, CMB, CP y AEC, siguiéndole la DMII, que se relaciona con el IMC y la CMB.

          ABSTRACT

          Background:

          In Chile, the elderly represent 18% of the population. In women, the aging process impacts body composition, in addition to the coexistence of other pathologies such as chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). The aim of the study was to relate body composition to the presence of chronic noncommunicable diseases in active older women in the city of Chillán.

          Methods:

          The sample consisted of 284 women belonging to senior centers in Chillán. Body composition was determined by bioimpedanciometry. Sociodemographic information, prevalent pathologies, geriatric syndromes and physical activity were determined by means of a validated questionnaire. Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics in STATA 15.0 software with an α<0.05.

          Results:

          Of the sample, 63% were under seventy-five years of age, 77.5% had less than twelve years of schooling, the predominant socioeconomic level was low, and the poor perception of health was mainly referred to as well as the use of regular medication. Arterial hypertension (AHT) and hypercholesterolemia were prevalent with 70.4% and 48.2% respectively. Body mass index (BMI) was 29.7±4.8 and 71.8% had excess malnutrition. The group older than seventy-five years presented more body fat (BMF) and extracellular water (ECW). AHT was related to higher BMI, TGM, MBC (Mean Arm Circumference), PC (Calf Circumference) and ECW (p<0.05), while Diabetes mellitus was related to BMI and MBC.

          Conclusions:

          Hypertension is the most frequent pathology and is related to higher BMI, MGT, CMB, CP and ECW, followed by DM2 which is related to BMI and CMB.

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          Most cited references47

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          Adipose Tissue Distribution, Inflammation and Its Metabolic Consequences, Including Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease

          Adipose tissue plays essential roles in maintaining lipid and glucose homeostasis. To date several types of adipose tissue have been identified, namely white, brown, and beige, that reside in various specific anatomical locations throughout the body. The cellular composition, secretome, and location of these adipose depots define their function in health and metabolic disease. In obesity, adipose tissue becomes dysfunctional, promoting a pro-inflammatory, hyperlipidemic and insulin resistant environment that contributes to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Concurrently, similar features that result from adipose tissue dysfunction also promote cardiovascular disease (CVD) by mechanisms that can be augmented by T2DM. The mechanisms by which dysfunctional adipose tissue simultaneously promote T2DM and CVD, focusing on adipose tissue depot-specific adipokines, inflammatory profiles, and metabolism, will be the focus of this review. The impact that various T2DM and CVD treatment strategies have on adipose tissue function and body weight also will be discussed.
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            Inflammation in obesity, diabetes, and related disorders.

            Obesity leads to chronic, systemic inflammation and can lead to insulin resistance (IR), β-cell dysfunction, and ultimately type 2 diabetes (T2D). This chronic inflammatory state contributes to long-term complications of diabetes, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, and nephropathy, and may underlie the association of type 2 diabetes with other conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome, gout, and rheumatoid arthritis. Here, we review the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying inflammation in obesity, T2D, and related disorders. We discuss how chronic tissue inflammation results in IR, impaired insulin secretion, glucose intolerance, and T2D and review the effect of inflammation on diabetic complications and on the relationship between T2D and other pathologies. In this context, we discuss current therapeutic options for the treatment of metabolic disease, advances in the clinic and the potential of immune-modulatory approaches.
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              Chronic Adipose Tissue Inflammation Linking Obesity to Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes

              Obesity is one of the major health burdens of the 21st century as it contributes to the growing prevalence of its related comorbidities, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Growing evidence suggests a critical role for overnutrition in the development of low-grade inflammation. Specifically, chronic inflammation in adipose tissue is considered a crucial risk factor for the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in obese individuals. The triggers for adipose tissue inflammation are still poorly defined. However, obesity-induced adipose tissue expansion provides a plethora of intrinsic signals (e.g., adipocyte death, hypoxia, and mechanical stress) capable of initiating the inflammatory response. Immune dysregulation in adipose tissue of obese subjects results in a chronic low-grade inflammation characterized by increased infiltration and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells. Macrophages are the most abundant innate immune cells infiltrating and accumulating into adipose tissue of obese individuals; they constitute up to 40% of all adipose tissue cells in obesity. In obesity, adipose tissue macrophages are polarized into pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and secrete many pro-inflammatory cytokines capable of impairing insulin signaling, therefore promoting the progression of insulin resistance. Besides macrophages, many other immune cells (e.g., dendritic cells, mast cells, neutrophils, B cells, and T cells) reside in adipose tissue during obesity, playing a key role in the development of adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. The association of obesity, adipose tissue inflammation, and metabolic diseases makes inflammatory pathways an appealing target for the treatment of obesity-related metabolic complications. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms responsible for the obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation and progression toward obesity-associated comorbidities and highlight the current therapeutic strategies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Esp Salud Publica
                Rev Esp Salud Publica
                resp
                Revista Española de salud pública
                Ministerio de Sanidad
                1135-5727
                2173-9110
                22 June 2023
                Jan-Dec 2023
                : 97
                : e202306045
                Affiliations
                [1 ] originalDepartamento de Nutrición y Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias de Salud y de los Alimentos, Universidad del Bío-Bío. normalizedUniversidad del Bío-Bío Chillán, Chile
                Author notes
                Correspondencia: Alejandra Rodríguez-Fernández Avenida Andrés Bello, 770. CP 3812107. Chillán. Chile. alrodriguez@ 123456ubiobio.cl

                Los autores declaran que no existe conflicto de intereses.

                Article
                e202306045
                10541250
                37387225
                bdc7fdb9-6f0d-4c72-8882-6743a92978f4

                Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons

                History
                : 21 November 2022
                : 08 May 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 6, Equations: 0, References: 49
                Categories
                Original

                mujeres mayores,composición corporal,índice de masa corporal,diabetes mellitus,hipertensión,enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles,obesidad,elderly women,body composition,body mass index,hypertension,chronic noncommunicable diseases,obesity

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