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      Recent advances in postoperative pulmonary rehabilitation of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (Review)

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          Abstract

          Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for ~85% of lung cancer cases and has high morbidity and mortality rates. Over the past decade, treatment strategies for NSCLC have progressed rapidly, particularly with the increasing use of screening programs, leading to improvements in the initial diagnosis and treatment of early-stage and preinvasive tumors. Surgical intervention remains the primary treatment for early-stage NSCLC. Thoracoscopic lobectomy has become the main treatment for early-stage NSCLC, as it results in less postoperative bleeding and pain and fewer complications. However, the complication rate for thoracoscopic lobectomy due to sputum retention and weakened respiratory muscle strength remains as high as 19-59%. Treating NSCLC remains challenging in terms of postoperative pulmonary rehabilitation. In the present review, recent advances in postoperative pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with NSCLC were presented in order to assist researchers in developing improved treatments to enhance postoperative pulmonary rehabilitation for such patients.

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          Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

          Hyuna Sung, Jacques Ferlay, Rebecca Siegel … (2021)
          This article provides an update on the global cancer burden using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Worldwide, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths (9.9 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) occurred in 2020. Female breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), followed by lung (11.4%), colorectal (10.0 %), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (5.6%) cancers. Lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%), followed by colorectal (9.4%), liver (8.3%), stomach (7.7%), and female breast (6.9%) cancers. Overall incidence was from 2-fold to 3-fold higher in transitioned versus transitioning countries for both sexes, whereas mortality varied <2-fold for men and little for women. Death rates for female breast and cervical cancers, however, were considerably higher in transitioning versus transitioned countries (15.0 vs 12.8 per 100,000 and 12.4 vs 5.2 per 100,000, respectively). The global cancer burden is expected to be 28.4 million cases in 2040, a 47% rise from 2020, with a larger increase in transitioning (64% to 95%) versus transitioned (32% to 56%) countries due to demographic changes, although this may be further exacerbated by increasing risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. Efforts to build a sustainable infrastructure for the dissemination of cancer prevention measures and provision of cancer care in transitioning countries is critical for global cancer control.
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            Cancer statistics in China, 2015.

            Wanqing Chen, Rongshou Zheng, Peter D Baade … (2016)
            With increasing incidence and mortality, cancer is the leading cause of death in China and is a major public health problem. Because of China's massive population (1.37 billion), previous national incidence and mortality estimates have been limited to small samples of the population using data from the 1990s or based on a specific year. With high-quality data from an additional number of population-based registries now available through the National Central Cancer Registry of China, the authors analyzed data from 72 local, population-based cancer registries (2009-2011), representing 6.5% of the population, to estimate the number of new cases and cancer deaths for 2015. Data from 22 registries were used for trend analyses (2000-2011). The results indicated that an estimated 4292,000 new cancer cases and 2814,000 cancer deaths would occur in China in 2015, with lung cancer being the most common incident cancer and the leading cause of cancer death. Stomach, esophageal, and liver cancers were also commonly diagnosed and were identified as leading causes of cancer death. Residents of rural areas had significantly higher age-standardized (Segi population) incidence and mortality rates for all cancers combined than urban residents (213.6 per 100,000 vs 191.5 per 100,000 for incidence; 149.0 per 100,000 vs 109.5 per 100,000 for mortality, respectively). For all cancers combined, the incidence rates were stable during 2000 through 2011 for males (+0.2% per year; P = .1), whereas they increased significantly (+2.2% per year; P < .05) among females. In contrast, the mortality rates since 2006 have decreased significantly for both males (-1.4% per year; P < .05) and females (-1.1% per year; P < .05). Many of the estimated cancer cases and deaths can be prevented through reducing the prevalence of risk factors, while increasing the effectiveness of clinical care delivery, particularly for those living in rural areas and in disadvantaged populations.
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              The Eighth Edition AJCC Cancer Staging Manual: Continuing to build a bridge from a population-based to a more "personalized" approach to cancer staging.

              Mahul B Amin, Frederick Greene, Stephen Edge … (2017)
              The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging manual has become the benchmark for classifying patients with cancer, defining prognosis, and determining the best treatment approaches. Many view the primary role of the tumor, lymph node, metastasis (TNM) system as that of a standardized classification system for evaluating cancer at a population level in terms of the extent of disease, both at initial presentation and after surgical treatment, and the overall impact of improvements in cancer treatment. The rapid evolution of knowledge in cancer biology and the discovery and validation of biologic factors that predict cancer outcome and response to treatment with better accuracy have led some cancer experts to question the utility of a TNM-based approach in clinical care at an individualized patient level. In the Eighth Edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, the goal of including relevant, nonanatomic (including molecular) factors has been foremost, although changes are made only when there is strong evidence for inclusion. The editorial board viewed this iteration as a proactive effort to continue to build the important bridge from a "population-based" to a more "personalized" approach to patient classification, one that forms the conceptual framework and foundation of cancer staging in the era of precision molecular oncology. The AJCC promulgates best staging practices through each new edition in an effort to provide cancer care providers with a powerful, knowledge-based resource for the battle against cancer. In this commentary, the authors highlight the overall organizational and structural changes as well as "what's new" in the Eighth Edition. It is hoped that this information will provide the reader with a better understanding of the rationale behind the aggregate proposed changes and the exciting developments in the upcoming edition. CA Cancer J Clin 2017;67:93-99. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Oncol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Oncol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJO
                Title: International Journal of Oncology
                Publisher: D.A. Spandidos
                ISSN (Print): 1019-6439
                ISSN (Electronic): 1791-2423
                Publication date Collection: December 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 01 November 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 01 November 2022
                Volume: 61
                Issue: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: 156
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Anaesthesia, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
                [2 ]Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
                [3 ]Group of Neuroendocrinology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney NSW2010, Australia
                [4 ]Department of Nursing, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350100, P.R. China
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Professor Cui-Liu Lin, Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China, E-mail: 417851151@ 123456qq.com
                Professor Fang Liu, Department of Nursing, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou, Fujian 350100, P.R. China, E-mail: liufang55111234@ 123456163.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijo-61-6-05446
                DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5446
                PMC ID: 9635865
                PubMed ID: 36321778
                SO-VID: bbdf10a8-faa6-4b95-b622-155a6e820e6c
                Copyright © Copyright: © Su et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                Date received : 11 August 2022
                Date accepted : 19 October 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: Nursery Fund Project of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University
                Award ID: 2021MP25
                This work was supported by the Nursery Fund Project of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University (grant no. 2021MP25).
                Categories
                Subject: Articles

                Keywords: non-small cell lung cancer,pulmonary rehabilitation,postoperative,thoracoscopic surgery,recovery
                Data availability:
                Keywords: non-small cell lung cancer, pulmonary rehabilitation, postoperative, thoracoscopic surgery, recovery

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