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      Central nervous system vascular malformations: A clinical review

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          Abstract

          CNS vascular malformation is an umbrella term that encompasses a wide variety of pathologies, with a wide range of therapeutic and diagnostic importance. This range spans lesions with a risk of devastating neurological compromise to lesions with a slow, static or benign course. Advances in neurovascular imaging along with increased utilization of these advances, have resulted in more frequent identification of these lesions. In this article, we provide an overview on definitions and classifications of CNS vascular malformations and outline the etiologic, diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic features for each entity. This review covers intracranial and spinal cord vascular malformations and discusses syndromes associated with CNS vascular malformations.

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          Cerebral microbleeds: a guide to detection and interpretation.

          , Rustam Al-Shahi Salman, Anand Viswanathan … (2009)
          Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are increasingly recognised neuroimaging findings in individuals with cerebrovascular disease and dementia, and in normal ageing. There has been substantial progress in the understanding of CMBs in recent years, particularly in the development of newer MRI methods for the detection of CMBs and the application of these techniques to population-based samples of elderly people. In this Review, we focus on these recent developments and their effects on two main questions: how CMBs are detected, and how CMBs should be interpreted. The number of CMBs detected depends on MRI characteristics, such as pulse sequence, sequence parameters, spatial resolution, magnetic field strength, and image post-processing, emphasising the importance of taking into account MRI technique in the interpretation of study results. Recent investigations with sensitive MRI techniques have indicated a high prevalence of CMBs in community-dwelling elderly people. We propose a procedural guide for identification of CMBs and suggest possible future approaches for elucidating the role of these common lesions as markers for, and contributors to, small-vessel brain disease.
          Article 0 comments Cited 277 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Medical management with or without interventional therapy for unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (ARUBA): a multicentre, non-blinded, randomised trial.

            J. Mohr, Michael K Parides, Christian Stapf … (2014)
            The clinical benefit of preventive eradication of unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations remains uncertain. A Randomised trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous malformations (ARUBA) aims to compare the risk of death and symptomatic stroke in patients with an unruptured brain arteriovenous malformation who are allocated to either medical management alone or medical management with interventional therapy.
            Article 0 comments Cited 207 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Classification and treatment of spontaneous carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas.

              G T Tindall, Saori I. Braun, S C Tindall … (1985)
              An anatomical-angiographic classification for carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas is introduced and a series of 14 patients with spontaneous carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas is reviewed to illustrate the usefulness of such a classification for patient evaluation and treatment. Fistulas are divided into four types: Type A are direct high-flow shunts between the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus; Type B are dural shunts between meningeal branches of the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus; Type C are dural shunts between meningeal branches of the external carotid artery and the cavernous sinus; and Type D are dural shunts between meningeal branches of both the internal and external carotid arteries and the cavernous sinus. The anatomy, clinical manifestations, angiographic evaluation, indications for therapy, and therapeutic options for spontaneous carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas are discussed.
              Article 0 comments Cited 178 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Behnam Sabayan: bsabayan@mgh.harvard.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Ann Clin Transl Neurol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Ann Clin Transl Neurol
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)2328-9503
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ACN3
                Title: Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2328-9503
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 January 2021
                Publication date Collection: February 2021
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 2 ( doiID: 10.1002/acn3.v8.2 )
                Pages: 504-522
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Neurology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois USA
                [ 2 ] Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
                [ 3 ] Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
                [ 4 ] Department of Radiology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois USA
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Behnam Sabayan, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Wang ACC 739B, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Tel: +3128689432; Fax: 617‐726‐2353; E‐mail: bsabayan@ 123456mgh.harvard.edu

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2048-333X
                Article
                Publisher ID: ACN351277
                DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51277
                PMC ID: 7886037
                PubMed ID: 33434339
                SO-VID: bbcc3e2c-80bd-474d-834d-34c59a2e0789
                Copyright © © 2021 The Authors. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Neurological Association.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 25 August 2020
                Date revision received : 11 November 2020
                Date accepted : 27 November 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 9, Tables: 2, Pages: 20, Words: 10735
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Subject: Review
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                cover-date February 2021
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.9.7 mode:remove_FC converted:16.02.2021

                Keywords: central nervous system,intracranial,prognosis,spinal cord,vascular malformation
                Data availability:
                Keywords: central nervous system, intracranial, prognosis, spinal cord, vascular malformation

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