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      Redox Biology in Transition Periods of Dairy Cattle: Role in the Health of Periparturient and Neonatal Animals

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          Abstract

          Dairy cows undergo various transition periods throughout their productive life, which are associated with periods of increased metabolic and infectious disease susceptibility. Redox balance plays a key role in ensuring a satisfactory transition. Nevertheless, oxidative stress (OS), a consequence of redox imbalance, has been associated with an increased risk of disease in these animals. In the productive cycle of dairy cows, the periparturient and neonatal periods are times of increased OS and disease susceptibility. This article reviews the relationship of redox status and OS with diseases of cows and calves, and how supplementation with antioxidants can be used to prevent OS in these animals.

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          Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome in inflammatory diseases

          Edward Olhava, Matthew S J Mangan, William Roush … (2018)
          Article 0 comments Cited 557 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Physiological changes at parturition and their relationship to metabolic disorders.

            J Goff, R L Horst (1997)
            Most of the metabolic diseases of dairy cows-milk fever, ketosis, retained placenta, and displacement of the abomasum-occur within the first 2 wk of lactation. The etiology of many of those metabolic diseases that are not clinically apparent during the first 2 wk of lactation, such as laminitis, can be traced back to insults that occurred during early lactation. In addition to metabolic disease, the overwhelming majority of infectious disease, in particular mastitis, becomes clinically apparent during the first 2 wk of lactation. Three basic physiological functions must be maintained during the periparturient period if disease is to be avoided: adaptation of the rumen to lactation diets that are high in energy density, maintenance of normocalcemia, and maintenance of a strong immune system. The incidence of both metabolic and infectious diseases is greatly increased whenever one or more of these physiological functions are impaired. This paper discusses the etiological role of each of these factors in the development of common diseases encountered during the periparturient period.
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              Etiology of lipid-related metabolic disorders in periparturient dairy cows.

              R Grümmer (1993)
              Plasma NEFA concentrations increase prior to and at parturition, resulting in increased fatty acid uptake by the liver, fatty acid esterification, and triglyceride storage. Liver triglyceride concentration increases four- to fivefold between d 17 prior to calving and d 1 following calving. Increases in liver triglyceride following calving do not appear to be dramatic. Severity of fatty liver 1 d postpartum is correlated negatively with feed intake 1 d prepartum. Export of newly synthesized triglyceride as very low density lipoprotein occurs slowly in ruminants and is a major factor in the development of fatty liver. Nutritional strategies to minimize the elevation in plasma NEFA prior to calving results in lower liver triglyceride at calving. Fatty liver probably precedes clinical spontaneous ketosis. Liver triglyceride to glycogen ratio may be used to predict susceptibility of cows to ketosis. Consequently, strategies to reduce liver triglyceride at calving may decrease incidence of ketosis. Research to determine methods to reduce fatty acid delivery to the liver or to enhance hepatic export of very low density lipoprotein near calving is warranted. Identification of the cause for the slow rate of assembly and secretion of hepatic very low density lipoprotein in ruminants will be required to assess the feasibility of increasing export of very low density lipoprotein.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Antioxidants (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Antioxidants (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): antioxidants
                Title: Antioxidants
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2076-3921
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 January 2019
                Publication date Collection: January 2019
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 20
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
                [2 ]Departamento de Patoloxía Animal, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain; joaquin.hernandez@ 123456usc.es (J.H.); joseluis.benedito@ 123456usc.es (J.L.B.); cristina.castillo@ 123456usc.es (C.C.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: abuelo@ 123456msu.edu ; Tel.: +1-517-884-7818
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9734-0148
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2588-0089
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2467-6406
                Article
                Publisher ID: antioxidants-08-00020
                DOI: 10.3390/antiox8010020
                PMC ID: 6356809
                PubMed ID: 30642108
                SO-VID: bb9867de-533d-4ad9-8c24-a9b3e2c84762
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 13 December 2018
                Date accepted : 09 January 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: antioxidants,calf health,dairy cattle,oxidative stress,transition period
                Data availability:
                Keywords: antioxidants, calf health, dairy cattle, oxidative stress, transition period

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