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      Current Strategies for Tracheal Decellularization: A Systematic Review

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          Abstract

          The process of decellularization is crucial for producing a substitute for the absent tracheal segment, and the choice of agents and methods significantly influences the outcomes. This paper aims to systematically review the efficacy of diverse tracheal decellularization agents and methods using the PRISMA flowchart. Inclusion criteria encompassed experimental studies published between 2018 and 2023, written in English, and detailing outcomes related to histopathological anatomy, DNA quantification, ECM evaluation, and biomechanical characteristics. Exclusion criteria involved studies related to 3D printing, biomaterials, and partial decellularization. A comprehensive search on PubMed, NCBI, and ScienceDirect yielded 17 relevant literatures. The integration of various agents and methods has proven effective in the process of tracheal decellularization, highlighting the distinct advantages and drawbacks associated with each agent and method.

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          Most cited references57

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          Decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: Recent trends and emerging strategies in tissue engineering

          The application of scaffolding materials is believed to hold enormous potential for tissue regeneration. Despite the widespread application and rapid advance of several tissue-engineered scaffolds such as natural and synthetic polymer-based scaffolds, they have limited repair capacity due to the difficulties in overcoming the immunogenicity, simulating in-vivo microenvironment, and performing mechanical or biochemical properties similar to native organs/tissues. Fortunately, the emergence of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) scaffolds provides an attractive way to overcome these hurdles, which mimic an optimal non-immune environment with native three-dimensional structures and various bioactive components. The consequent cell-seeded construct based on dECM scaffolds, especially stem cell-recellularized construct, is considered an ideal choice for regenerating functional organs/tissues. Herein, we review recent developments in dECM scaffolds and put forward perspectives accordingly, with particular focus on the concept and fabrication of decellularized scaffolds, as well as the application of decellularized scaffolds and their combinations with stem cells (recellularized scaffolds) in tissue engineering, including skin, bone, nerve, heart, along with lung, liver and kidney. • dECM scaffolds for tissue regeneration are primarily introduced according to the development and fabrication of decellularized scaffolds, as well as the application of dECM scaffolds and their constructs combined with stem cells in various tissue engineering. • Limitations, challenges, and perspectives of dECM for accelerating development of tissue regeneration are discussed, respectively.
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            Clinical transplantation of a tissue-engineered airway.

            The loss of a normal airway is devastating. Attempts to replace large airways have met with serious problems. Prerequisites for a tissue-engineered replacement are a suitable matrix, cells, ideal mechanical properties, and the absence of antigenicity. We aimed to bioengineer tubular tracheal matrices, using a tissue-engineering protocol, and to assess the application of this technology in a patient with end-stage airway disease. We removed cells and MHC antigens from a human donor trachea, which was then readily colonised by epithelial cells and mesenchymal stem-cell-derived chondrocytes that had been cultured from cells taken from the recipient (a 30-year old woman with end-stage bronchomalacia). This graft was then used to replace the recipient's left main bronchus. The graft immediately provided the recipient with a functional airway, improved her quality of life, and had a normal appearance and mechanical properties at 4 months. The patient had no anti-donor antibodies and was not on immunosuppressive drugs. The results show that we can produce a cellular, tissue-engineered airway with mechanical properties that allow normal functioning, and which is free from the risks of rejection. The findings suggest that autologous cells combined with appropriate biomaterials might provide successful treatment for patients with serious clinical disorders.
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              Sterilization techniques for biodegradable scaffolds in tissue engineering applications

              Biodegradable scaffolds have been extensively studied due to their wide applications in biomaterials and tissue engineering. However, infections associated with in vivo use of these scaffolds by different microbiological contaminants remain to be a significant challenge. This review focuses on different sterilization techniques including heat, chemical, irradiation, and other novel sterilization techniques for various biodegradable scaffolds. Comparisons of these techniques, including their sterilization mechanisms, post-sterilization effects, and sterilization efficiencies, are discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Int J Biomater
                Int J Biomater
                ijbm
                International Journal of Biomaterials
                Hindawi
                1687-8787
                1687-8795
                2024
                6 February 2024
                : 2024
                : 3355239
                Affiliations
                1Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
                2Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
                3Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
                4Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
                5School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (BMEIS), King's College London, London, UK
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Weihao Yuan

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6767-0768
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8757-9251
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1681-0222
                https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8612-260X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1557-6734
                Article
                10.1155/2024/3355239
                10864047
                38352968
                bb0cbeb5-a9e4-4de1-a992-dd2db5daa321
                Copyright © 2024 Dhihintia Jiwangga et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 3 July 2023
                : 15 December 2023
                : 16 January 2024
                Funding
                Funded by: Dr Soetomo General Hospital
                Categories
                Review Article

                Biomaterials & Organic materials
                Biomaterials & Organic materials

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