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      Effectiveness of labels in digital art experience: psychophysiological and behavioral evidence

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Nowadays museums make large use of digital materials (e.g., virtual tours) to attract visitors. Therefore, it is worthwhile investigating which variables affect the engagement with art outside the museum, and whether digital reproductions of artworks are as effective as museum originals in producing a satisfying aesthetic experience.

          Methods

          Here we tested the effectiveness of introducing additional informative materials on the artistic enjoyment of contemporary paintings presented on a computer screen. Naïve observers were exposed to essential and descriptive labels before viewing artworks. We flanked traditional measurement methods - viewing times and questionnaires, with biometric parameters – pupil responses, eye movements, heart rate, and electrodermal activity. The results were then compared to our previous museum study that adopted the same experimental paradigm.

          Results

          Our behavioral and psychophysiological data lead to a complex pattern of results. As found in the museum setting, providing detailed descriptions decreases complexity, evokes more positive sensations, and induces pupil dilation but does not enhance aesthetic appreciation. These results suggested that informative labels improve understanding and emotions but have a limited impact on the hedonic evaluation of artworks in both contexts. However, other results do not mirror those found in the museum; in the laboratory setting, participants spend a similar amount of time, have a comparable gaze behavior, and their electrodermal activity and heart rate do not change when viewing artworks with different types of labels. The main difference between the lab and museum settings is the shorter time spent viewing digital reproductions vs. real paintings, although subjective ratings (e.g., liking, interest) are comparable.

          Discussion

          Overall, this study indicates that the environmental context does impact the aesthetic experience; although, some beneficial effects of introducing additional relevant content in labels accompanying artworks can also be acquainted through digital media outside of the museum.

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          Most cited references99

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          Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses.

          Franz Faul, Edgar Erdfelder, Axel Buchner … (2009)
          G*Power is a free power analysis program for a variety of statistical tests. We present extensions and improvements of the version introduced by Faul, Erdfelder, Lang, and Buchner (2007) in the domain of correlation and regression analyses. In the new version, we have added procedures to analyze the power of tests based on (1) single-sample tetrachoric correlations, (2) comparisons of dependent correlations, (3) bivariate linear regression, (4) multiple linear regression based on the random predictor model, (5) logistic regression, and (6) Poisson regression. We describe these new features and provide a brief introduction to their scope and handling.
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            The Psychophysics Toolbox.

            D Brainard (1997)
            The Psychophysics Toolbox is a software package that supports visual psychophysics. Its routines provide an interface between a high-level interpreted language (MATLAB on the Macintosh) and the video display hardware. A set of example programs is included with the Toolbox distribution.
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              The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation.

              Margaret M Bradley, Laura Miccoli, Miguel A. Escrig … (2008)
              Pupil diameter was monitored during picture viewing to assess effects of hedonic valence and emotional arousal on pupillary responses. Autonomic activity (heart rate and skin conductance) was concurrently measured to determine whether pupillary changes are mediated by parasympathetic or sympathetic activation. Following an initial light reflex, pupillary changes were larger when viewing emotionally arousing pictures, regardless of whether these were pleasant or unpleasant. Pupillary changes during picture viewing covaried with skin conductance change, supporting the interpretation that sympathetic nervous system activity modulates these changes in the context of affective picture viewing. Taken together, the data provide strong support for the hypothesis that the pupil's response during affective picture viewing reflects emotional arousal associated with increased sympathetic activity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Serena Castellotti: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1163566/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Ottavia D’Agostino: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2017144/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Maria Michela Del Viva: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Psychol.
                Title: Frontiers in Psychology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-1078
                Publication date (Electronic): 01 July 2024
                Publication date Collection: 2024
                Volume: 15
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1342667
                Affiliations
                Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence , Florence, Italy
                Author notes

                Edited by: Simona Collina, Suor Orsola Benincasa University of Naples, Italy

                Reviewed by: Branka Spehar, University of New South Wales, Australia

                Pablo P. L. Tinio, Montclair State University, United States

                *Correspondence: Serena Castellotti, serena.castellotti@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1342667
                PMC ID: 11248719
                PubMed ID: 39011289
                SO-VID: bafea8d4-c481-4bfe-a7a1-0e4f3a9cec27
                Copyright © Copyright © 2024 Castellotti, D’Agostino and Del Viva.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 28 November 2023
                Date accepted : 14 June 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 99, Pages: 15, Words: 12814
                Funding
                The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This project was funded by the European Union – Next Generation EU, in the context of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan, Mission 4 Component 2 – Investment 1.5 Ecosystems of Innovation, project Tuscany Health Ecosystem (THE) (ECS00000017, CUP B83C22003920001). This project was also partially funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program (Grant Agreement No. 832813, GenPercept “Spatio-temporal mechanisms of generative perception”), and by the European Union – Next Generation EU, in the context of the grant PRIN 2022 (project “RIGHTSTRESS—Tuning arousal for optimal perception,” Grant no. 2022CCPJ3J, CUP I53D23003960006).
                Categories
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Original Research
                Custom metadata
                section-at-acceptance Performance Science

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: neuroaesthetic,artworks labels,digital art,psychophysiology,museum vs. laboratory setting,pupillometry
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: neuroaesthetic, artworks labels, digital art, psychophysiology, museum vs. laboratory setting, pupillometry

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