29
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
1 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS OF HUMAN OCCUPATION PATTERNS AND RESOURCE USE IN THE ATACAMA DESERT Translated title: ANÁLISIS SECUENCIAL DE LOS PATRONES DE OCUPACIÓN HUMANA Y EXPLOTACIÓN DE RECURSOS EN EL DESIERTO DE ATACAMA

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          This paper presents a chronological sequence of human occupation from the end of the Pleistocene to the present day in the Atacama Desert, one of the most barren territories of the New World. The occupational sequence covers a period of 11,000 years of prehistory, in which distinct patterns of resource use are examined such as hunting, fishing and gathering techniques, animal domestication, agriculture, animal husbandry, mining, commerce and trade. The study also incorporales innovations based on industrial scale mining developments in colonial times, the 19th century industrial period and the present day (extractive mega projects). A variety of cultural, technological and productive developments are discussed in relation to continuity and shifts in human occupations and their impact on the spatial distribution of the population in different locations from the Andes to the Pacific. A marked imbalance can be observed between traditional natural resource production and extractive mining activities that lead to extreme ecological fragility due to the indiscriminate use of water resources. The paper suggests that sustainable development is being jeopardised by the lack of research and alternative models, coupled with a lack of coherence among political, scientific and ethical discourses.

          Translated abstract

          Se presenta una secuencia cronológica de las ocupaciones humanas del Desierto de Atacama y los distintos patrones de explotación de recursos desde fines del Pleistoceno hasta la actualidad, en uno de los territorios más estériles del Nuevo Mundo. Esta secuencia ocupacional comprende un lapso temporal de 11.000 años, en la cual se examinan las distintas modalidades del manejo de recursos naturales a través de prácticas de caza, pesca, recolección, domesticación de animales, actividades agrarias, pecuarias, mineras, intercambio y comercio. Además, se incorporan las innovaciones basadas en la explotación minera a escala industrial durante el periodo colonial e industrial del siglo XIX hasta la actualidad (megaproyectos extractivos). Se discuten las diversas respuestas culturales, tecnológicas y productivas en términos de continuidad y cambio en las ocupaciones humanas y su impacto en la distribución espacial de la población en los diversos ambientes entre los Andes y el Pacífico. Se observa un acentuado desbalance entre la producción de los recursos naturales tradicionales y las labores minero-extractivas, alcanzando un límite de alta fragilidad ecológica a través de la utilización indiscriminada del recurso hídrico. La carencia de investigaciones y la falta de modelos alternativos ponen en peligro un desarrollo sustentable, en un marco de desencuentro entre discursos políticos, científicos y éticos.

          Related collections

          Most cited references81

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Human occupations and climate change in the Puna de Atacama, Chile.

          Widespread evidence for human occupation of the Atacama Desert, 20 degrees to 25 degrees S in northern Chile, has been found from 13,000 calibrated 14C years before the present (cal yr B.P.) to 9500 cal yr B.P., and again after 4500 cal yr B.P. Initial human occupation coincided with a change from very dry environments to humid environments. More than 39 open early Archaic campsites at elevations above 3600 meters show that hunters lived around late glacial/early Holocene paleolakes on the Altiplano. Cessation of the use of the sites between 9500 and 4500 cal yr B.P. is associated with drying of the lakes. The mid-Holocene collapse of human occupation is also recorded in cave deposits. One cave contained Pleistocene fauna associated with human artifacts. Faunal diversity was highest during the humid early Holocene.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: found
            Is Open Access

            Emergencia de comunidades pastoralistas formativas en el sureste de la Puna de Atacama

            Se sintetizan los resultados de una investigación multidisciplinaria orientada a comprender la transición entre sociedades arcaicas tardías (ca. 5000-3800 AP) y formativas tempranas (ca. 3500-2400 AP). Se propone que la ubicación de los asentamientos arcaicos y formativos en el ecorrefugio de quebrada de Tulan, se explica por un conjunto de condiciones culturales, sociales y ambientales favorables, las cuales permitieron el cambio desde una sociedad cazadora-recolectora a otra principalmente pastoralista. La evidencia arquitectónica de carácter ceremonial junto a la aparición de nuevas tecnologías, como la cerámica, litoescultura, metalurgia en oro, entre otras, y la profusión de arte rupestre, nos indican un temprano proceso de complejización en la vertiente occidental de las tierras circumpuneñas.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Climate Variation and the Rise and Fall of an Andean Civilization

              Paleolimnological and archaeological records that span 3500 years from Lake Titicaca and the surrounding Bolivian–Peruvian altiplano demonstrate that the emergence of agriculture (ca. 1500 B.C.) and the collapse of the Tiwanaku civilization (ca. A.D. 1100) coincided with periods of abrupt, profound climate change. The timing and magnitude of climate changes are inferred from stratigraphic evidence of lake-level variation recorded in14C-dated lake-sediment cores. Paleo-lake levels provide estimates of drainage basin water balance. Archaeological evidence establishes spatial and temporal patterns of agricultural field use and abandonment. Prior to 1500 B.C., aridity in the altiplano precluded intensive agriculture. During a wetter period from 1500 B.C. to A.D. 1100, the Tiwanaku civilization and its immediate predecessors developed specialized agricultural methods that stimulated population growth and sustained large human settlements. A prolonged drier period (ca. A.D. 1100–1400) caused declining agricultural production, field abandonment, and cultural collapse.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                chungara
                Chungará (Arica)
                Chungará (Arica)
                Universidad de Tarapacá. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas. Departamento de Antropología (Arica, , Chile )
                0717-7356
                December 2010
                : 42
                : 2
                : 363-391
                Affiliations
                [03] orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Departamento de Antropología Chile
                [01] San Pedro de Atacama orgnameUniversidad Católica del Norte orgdiv1Instituto de Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Museo Chile
                [02] orgnameUniversity of Bern orgdiv1Institute of Geography orgdiv2Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research Switzerland martin.grosjean@ 123456oeschger.unibe.ch
                Article
                S0717-73562010000200003 S0717-7356(10)04200203
                10.4067/S0717-73562010000200003
                bafb5c8a-462b-46e1-a1d4-2a4fb3f4d102

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : August 2007
                : March 2010
                : June 2009
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 91, Pages: 29
                Product

                SciELO Chile


                Atacama Desert,prehistoric and historie human occupations,natural resource use,productive innovations,desierto de Atacama,ocupaciones humanas prehistóricas e históricas,explotación de recursos naturales,innovaciones productivas

                Comments

                Comment on this article