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      Emerging ruthenium single-atom catalysts for the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction

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          Abstract

          Synthesis strategies, characterization methods, and various supports for Ru-based single-atom catalysts and their HER performance are reviewed.

          Abstract

          The electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is an efficient approach for producing hydrogen, which is a sustainable and eco-friendly energy carrier. Ruthenium-based HER catalysts are considered good alternatives to commercial platinum-based ones, because they have similar hydrogen bonding energy, lower water decomposition barrier and considerably lower price. Recently, emerging Ru single-atom catalysts (SACs) have shown greater advantage for HER than Ru nanoparticles, owing to their high atomic utilization efficiency, catalytic activity and selectivity. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the recent development of Ru SACs for HER applications. An overview of synthesis strategies, atomically resolved characterization methods and electrocatalytic studies with different support materials is provided. Finally, the unresolved challenges in the development of Ru SACs for industrial HER applications are discussed, and future research priorities are proposed. This review is expected to guide the rational design, appropriate fabrication, and performance optimization of advanced Ru SACs toward HER applications.

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          Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future.

          Steven Chu, Arun Majumdar (2012)
          Access to clean, affordable and reliable energy has been a cornerstone of the world's increasing prosperity and economic growth since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Our use of energy in the twenty-first century must also be sustainable. Solar and water-based energy generation, and engineering of microbes to produce biofuels are a few examples of the alternatives. This Perspective puts these opportunities into a larger context by relating them to a number of aspects in the transportation and electricity generation sectors. It also provides a snapshot of the current energy landscape and discusses several research and development opportunities and pathways that could lead to a prosperous, sustainable and secure energy future for the world.
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            Conductive two-dimensional titanium carbide 'clay' with high volumetric capacitance.

            Michael Ghidiu, Maria R. Lukatskaya, Meng-Qiang Zhao … (2014)
            Safe and powerful energy storage devices are becoming increasingly important. Charging times of seconds to minutes, with power densities exceeding those of batteries, can in principle be provided by electrochemical capacitors--in particular, pseudocapacitors. Recent research has focused mainly on improving the gravimetric performance of the electrodes of such systems, but for portable electronics and vehicles volume is at a premium. The best volumetric capacitances of carbon-based electrodes are around 300 farads per cubic centimetre; hydrated ruthenium oxide can reach capacitances of 1,000 to 1,500 farads per cubic centimetre with great cyclability, but only in thin films. Recently, electrodes made of two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti3C2, a member of the 'MXene' family), produced by etching aluminium from titanium aluminium carbide (Ti3AlC2, a 'MAX' phase) in concentrated hydrofluoric acid, have been shown to have volumetric capacitances of over 300 farads per cubic centimetre. Here we report a method of producing this material using a solution of lithium fluoride and hydrochloric acid. The resulting hydrophilic material swells in volume when hydrated, and can be shaped like clay and dried into a highly conductive solid or rolled into films tens of micrometres thick. Additive-free films of this titanium carbide 'clay' have volumetric capacitances of up to 900 farads per cubic centimetre, with excellent cyclability and rate performances. This capacitance is almost twice that of our previous report, and our synthetic method also offers a much faster route to film production as well as the avoidance of handling hazardous concentrated hydrofluoric acid.
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              Sustainable hydrogen production.

              John A. Turner (2004)
              Identifying and building a sustainable energy system are perhaps two of the most critical issues that today's society must address. Replacing our current energy carrier mix with a sustainable fuel is one of the key pieces in that system. Hydrogen as an energy carrier, primarily derived from water, can address issues of sustainability, environmental emissions, and energy security. Issues relating to hydrogen production pathways are addressed here. Future energy systems require money and energy to build. Given that the United States has a finite supply of both, hard decisions must be made about the path forward, and this path must be followed with a sustained and focused effort.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JMCAET
                Title: Journal of Materials Chemistry A
                Abbreviated Title: J. Mater. Chem. A
                Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
                ISSN (Print): 2050-7488
                ISSN (Electronic): 2050-7496
                Publication date Created: July 29 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 2022
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 29
                Pages: 15370-15389
                Affiliations
                [1 ]International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
                [2 ]Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
                Article
                DOI: 10.1039/D2TA03860A
                SO-VID: b9fddfcc-1811-43ad-bfc2-32dbe2abfc04
                Copyright © © 2022
                License:

                http://rsc.li/journals-terms-of-use

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