Analysis of C-shaped root canal configuration in maxillary molars in a Korean population using cone-beam computed tomography

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Abstract

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of root fusion and C-shaped root canals in maxillary molars, and to classify the types of C-shaped canal by analyzing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a Korean population.

Materials and Methods

Digitized CBCT images from 911 subjects were obtained in Chosun University Dental Hospital between February 2010 and July 2012 for orthodontic treatment. Among them, a total of selected 3,553 data of maxillary molars were analyzed retrospectively. Tomography sections in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes were displayed by PiViewstar and Rapidia MPR software (Infinitt Co.). The incidence and types of root fusion and C-shaped root canals were evaluated and the incidence between the first and the second molar was compared using Chi-square test.

Results

Root fusion was present in 3.2% of the first molars and 19.5% of the second molars, and fusion of mesiobuccal and palatal root was dominant. C-shaped root canals were present in 0.8% of the first molars and 2.7% of the second molars. The frequency of root fusion and C-shaped canal was significantly higher in the second molar than the first molar ( p < 0.001).

Conclusions

In a Korean population, maxillary molars showed total 11.3% of root fusion and 1.8% of C-shaped root canals. Furthermore, root fusion and C-shaped root canals were seen more frequently in the maxillary second molars.

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Most cited references 24

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C-shaped canal system in mandibular second molars: Part I--Anatomical features.

James Gutmann, Gary S P Cheung, Jian-Bing Fan … (2004)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anatomical features of C-shaped root canal system in mandibular second molars using micro-computed tomography (microCT). Fifty-eight extracted mandibular second molars with fused roots were collected from a native Chinese population. The teeth were scanned into layers of 0.5-mm thickness by microCT and measurements were made at eleven levels. The ratio of the depth of the deepest part of the groove to the buccal-lingual thickness of the cross-section of the root was calculated for each tooth. The canal shapes of the scanned cross-sections were assessed and classified according to a modified Melton's method. Results were subject to the Kruskal-Wallis test. Of the 58 molars, 54 had a C-shaped canal system with a mean groove-to-thickness ratio of 47.96%; the four teeth without a C-shaped canal had a mean ratio of 14.82%. Most orifices (98.1%) were found within 3 mm below the cementoenamel junction. Of teeth with a C-shape canal system, a majority demonstrated an orifice with an uninterrupted "C" configuration. Seventeen canals divided in the apical portion, most of which did so within 2 mm from the apex. The cross-sectional shape varied drastically along the length of the canal. Teeth with a high groove-to-thickness ratio had at least one section with C1, C2, or C3 configuration. The canal shape in middle and apical thirds of C-shaped canal systems could not be predicted on the basis of the shape at the orifice level. Section 2 of this paper addressed the correlation between the radiographic appearance and these microCT images.

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Root and canal morphology of Thai mandibular molars.

A Opasanon, Ali A. Alavi, K Gulabivala … (2001)

To investigate the root and canal morphology of 351 mandibular permanent molars collected from an indigenous Thai population. The cleaned teeth were accessed, the pulp dissolved by sodium hypochlorite under ultrasonication and the pulp system injected with Indian ink. The teeth were rendered clear by demineralization and immersion in methyl salicylate. The following observations were made: (i) number of roots and their morphology; (ii) number of root canals per tooth; (iii) number of root canals per root; (iv) root canal configuration in each root using Vertucci's classification, with additional modifications; and (v) presence and location of lateral canals and intercanal communications. Of 118 mandibular first molars, 13% had a third disto-lingual root. In three-rooted teeth, 80% of the main distal roots and 100% of the disto-lingual roots had type 1 canal systems. Of 60 mandibular second molars, 10% had C-shaped roots, the majority of which had type 1 (33%) or type IV (33%) canal systems. Of 173 third molars, 68% had two separate roots, 20% had fused roots and 11% had a single C-shaped root; the majority had two canals (61%). This study suggests that Thai molars exhibit features of both Caucasian and Chinese teeth.

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Root and canal morphology of Burmese maxillary molars.

Pearl Y. Ng, T Aung, K Gulabivala … (2001)

To investigate the root and canal morphology of Burmese maxillary molars using a canal staining and tooth clearing technique. Maxillary molars (239) were collected from indigenous Burmese patients and designated; first (90), second (77), third (72) molars. Following pulp tissue removal and canal system staining with Indian ink, the teeth were decalcified with 10% nitric acid, dehydrated and cleared with methyl salicylate. The following features were evaluated: (i) number of roots and morphology; (ii) number of canals per root: (iii) root canal configuration (Vertucci's classification); (iv) number of apical foramina per root; (v) number and location of lateral canals; and (vi) the presence of intercanal communications. All first and second molars had three separate roots, whilst third molars had one of five different root forms, of which three separate (25%) or fused (31%) roots were most prevalent. The majority of palatal (100%) and disto-buccal (96%) roots possessed one canal (type I). The prevalence of mesio-buccal roots with two canals decreased from first to third molars (68%, 49%, 39%, respectively); type II (two orifices, one apical foramen) and IV (two orifices, two apical foramina) configurations were the most common. Single/fused rooted third molars had a range of number and type of canals. Most roots in all molars had one apical foramen, those with four apical foramina were confined to third molars. Intercanal communications were most prevalent in mesio-buccal roots and two/three fused rooted third molars. Lateral canals were most prevalent in the apical third of the roots of all molars. The mesio-buccal roots of Burmese maxillary molars possessed a variety of canal system types. Over 50% of the first and second molars had a second mesio-buccal canal, of which over 20% had intercanal communications. The palatal and disto-buccal canals mainly had type I canals. Lateral canals were equally prevalent in all tooth types but were most common in the apical third.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Restor Dent Endod

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Restor Dent Endod

Journal ID (publisher-id): RDE

Title: Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics

Publisher: The Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry

ISSN (Print): 2234-7658

ISSN (Electronic): 2234-7666

Publication date (Print): February 2016

Publication date (Electronic): 29 January 2016

Volume: 41

Issue: 1

Pages: 55-62

Affiliations

Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea.

Author notes

Correspondence to Ho-Keel Hwang, DDS, PhD. Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, Korea 61452. TEL, +82-62-220-3840; FAX, +82-62-223-9064; rootcanal@ 123456hanmail.net

Article

DOI: 10.5395/rde.2016.41.1.55

PMC ID: 4751207

PubMed ID: 26877991

SO-VID: b92ec903-a626-4ddf-a365-998b09b557f4

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Analysis of C-shaped root canal configuration in maxillary molars in a Korean population using cone-beam computed tomography

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Abstract

Objectives

Materials and Methods

Results

Conclusions

Related collections

Core Readings in Statistical Mediation Analysis

Most cited references 24

C-shaped canal system in mandibular second molars: Part I--Anatomical features.

Root and canal morphology of Thai mandibular molars.

Root and canal morphology of Burmese maxillary molars.

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