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      Effect of glutamine on the mRNA level of key enzymes of malate-aspartate shuttle in the rat intestine subjected to ischemia reperfusion Translated title: Efeito da glutamina sobre o nível de RNA Mensageiro das enzimas-chave do ciclo malato-aspartato no intestino de ratos submetidos à isquemia e reperfusão

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          Abstract

          PURPOSE: To determine the effects of oral L-glutamine (L-Gln) and the dipeptide l-alanyl-glutamine (L-Ala-Gln) upon the activity of the malate-aspartate shuttle in the rat distal small intestine following ischemia and reperfusion. METHODS: Seventy-two Wistar rats (350-400g), were randomized in 2 groups (n = 36): group S (Sham) and Group T (Treatment) and divided into 12 subgroups (n = 6): A-A6, and B1-B6. The subgroups A1-A3 were subjected to sham procedures at 30 and 60 minutes. Thirty minutes before the study, rats were treated with calcium caseinate, 0.5g/Kg (subgroups A1, A4, B1, B4), L-Gln, 0.5g / kg (subgroups A2, A5, B2 and B5) or L-Ala-Gln, 0.75g/Kg (subgroups A3, A6, B3, B6), administered by gavage. Ischemia was achieved by clamping the mesenteric vessels, delimiting a segment of bowel 5 cm long and 5 cm apart from the ileocecal valve. Samples were collected 30 and 60 minutes after start of the study for real-time PCR assay of malate dehydrogenases (MDH1-2) and aspartate-aminotransferases (GOT1-2) enzymes. RESULTS: Tissue MDH and GOT mRNA expression in intestinal samples from rats preconditioned with either L-Gln or L-Ala-Gln showed no significant differences both during ischemia and early reperfusion. CONCLUSION: Activation of the malate-aspartate shuttle system appears not to be the mechanism of glutamine-mediated elevation of glucose oxidation in rat intestine during ischemia/reperfusion injury.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Determinar os efeitos da administração oral de L-glutamina (L-Gln) e do dipeptídeo L-alanil-glutamina (L-Ala-Gln) sobre a atividade do ciclo malato-aspartato no intestino delgado distal de ratos após isquemia/reperfusão. MÉTODOS: Setenta e dois ratos Wistar (350-400g) foram randomizados em 2 grupos (n = 36): T grupo S (Sham) e grupo (Tratamento) e distribuídos em 12 subgrupos (n = 6): A-A6, e B1-B6. Os subgrupos A1-A3 foram submetidos a procedimentos "sham" aos 30 e 60 minutos. Trinta minutos antes do estudo, os ratos foram tratados com caseinato de cálcio, 0,5 g/kg (subgrupos A1, A4, B1 e B4), L-Gln, 0,5 g/kg (subgrupos A2, A5, B2 e B5) ou L-Ala -Gln, 0,75g/kg (subgrupos A3, A6, B3, B6), administrado por gavagem. A isquemia foi obtida por pinçamento dos vasos mesentéricos, delimitando um segmento do intestino cinco centímetros de comprimento e 5 cm da válvula ileocecal. Amostras foram coletadas aos 30-60 minutos para ensaio de PCR em tempo real das enzimas malato desidrogenases (MDH1-2), aspartato-aminotransferase (GOT1-2). RESULTADOS: A expressão de MDH e GOT mRNA nas amostras provenientes do intestino delgado de ratos pré-condicionados com L-Gln ou L-Ala-Gln não apresentou diferenças significativas, tanto durante a isquemia como na fase inicial de reperfusão. CONCLUSÃO: Ativação do ciclo malato-aspartato não parece ser o mecanismo de elevação glutamina-mediada da oxidação da glicose no intestino de ratos durante a isquemia / reperfusão.

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          Most cited references17

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          Oxygen-derived free radicals in postischemic tissue injury.

          J M McCord (1985)
          It is now clear that oxygen-derived free radicals play an important part in several models of experimentally induced reperfusion injury. Although there are certainly multiple components to clinical ischemic and reperfusion injury, it appears likely that free-radical production may make a major contribution at certain stages in the progression of the injury. The primary source of superoxide in reperfused reoxygenated tissues appears to be the enzyme xanthine oxidase, released during ischemia by a calcium-triggered proteolytic attack on xanthine dehydrogenase. Reperfused tissues are protected in a variety of laboratory models by scavengers of superoxide radicals or hydroxyl radicals or by allopurinol or other inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. Dysfunction induced by free radicals may thus be a major component of ischemic diseases of the heart, bowel, liver, kidney, and brain.
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            L-alanyl-L-glutamine dipeptide-supplemented total parenteral nutrition reduces infectious complications and glucose intolerance in critically ill patients: the French controlled, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study.

            Glutamine (Gln)-supplemented total parenteral nutrition (TPN) improves clinical outcome after planned surgery, but the benefits of Gln-TPN for critically ill (intensive care unit; ICU) patients are still debated. Prospective, double-blind, controlled, randomized trial. ICUs in 16 hospitals in France. One-hundred fourteen ICU patients admitted for multiple trauma (38), complicated surgery (65), or pancreatitis (11). Patients were randomized to receive isocaloric isonitrogenous TPN via a central venous catheter providing 37.5 kcal and 1.5 g amino acids.kg-1.day-1 supplemented with either L-alanyl-L-glutamine dipeptide (0.5 g.kg-1.day-1; Ala-Gln group, n=58) or L-alanine+L-proline (control group, n=56) over at least 5 days. Complicated clinical outcome was defined a priori by the occurrence of infectious complications (according to the criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), wound complication, or death. The two groups were compared by chi-square test on an intention-to-treat basis. The two groups did not differ at inclusion for type and severity of injury (mean simplified acute physiology score II, 30 vs. 30.5; mean injury severity score, 44.9 vs. 42.3). Similar volumes of TPN were administered in both groups. Ala-Gln-supplemented TPN was associated with a lower incidence of complicated outcome (41% vs. 61%; p<.05), which was mainly due to a reduced infection rate per patient (mean, 0.45 vs. 0.71; p<.05) and incidence of pneumonia (10 vs. 19; p<.05). Early death rate during treatment and 6-month survival were not different. Hyperglycemia was less frequent (20 vs. 30 patients; p<.05) and there were fewer insulin-requiring patients (14 vs. 22; p<.05) in the Ala-Gln group. TPN supplemented with Ala-Gln dipeptide in ICU patients is associated with a reduced rate of infectious complications and better metabolic tolerance.
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              Contributions of ischemia and reperfusion to mucosal lesion formation.

              Two theories have been proposed to account for the mucosal injury associated with intestinal ischemia, hypoxia-countercurrent exchange, and oxygen free radicals. The countercurrent mechanism suggests that mucosal injury should occur predominately during the ischemic period, whereas the oxygen free radical hypothesis predicts that the majority of mucosal injury results from reperfusion of ischemic tissue. Histological specimens obtained during the ischemic period and following reperfusion allowed a systematic evaluation of the time course of development of mucosal lesions in a regional ischemia model. Reperfusion after 3 h of regional hypotension reduced mean mucosal thickness from 1,022.2 +/- 6.3 to 503.6 +/- 10.0 microns. The decrease in mucosal thickness was largely due to a reduction in villus height, inasmuch as the reduction in crypt depth was statistically insignificant. A significantly smaller change in mucosal thickness was observed when the bowel was subjected to 3 h ischemia without reperfusion. The mucosal injury produced by 3 h ischemia and 1 h reperfusion was more severe than that produced by 4 h ischemia without reperfusion. The results of this study suggest that most of the tissue damage produced by the widely employed regional hypotension model occurs at the time of reperfusion.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                acb
                Acta Cirúrgica Brasileira
                Acta Cir. Bras.
                Sociedade Brasileira para o Desenvolvimento da Pesquisa em Cirurgia (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0102-8650
                1678-2674
                2011
                : 26
                : suppl 1
                : 26-31
                Affiliations
                [04] Ribeirao Preto SP orgnameUSP orgdiv1Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Brazil
                [06] Ceara orgnameUFC orgdiv1Department of Surgery Brazil
                [05] Ceara orgnameUSP orgdiv1Department of Surgery Brazil
                [03] Ceara orgnameUFC Brazil
                [02] Ribeirao Preto SP orgnameUSP orgdiv1epartment of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Brazil
                [01] Ceara orgnameUFC orgdiv1Department of Surgery Brazil
                Article
                S0102-86502011000700006 S0102-8650(11)02600006
                b92dc9a1-72b1-4ee5-a374-017bb8266b54

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 17, Pages: 6
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                SciELO Brazil

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                Original Articles

                Glutamina,Rats,RNA Messenger,Malate Dehydrogenase,Glutamine,Reperfusion,Ischemia,Intestine,Ratos,RNA Mensageiro,Malato Desidrogenase,Reperfusão,Isquemia,Intestino Delgado

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