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      Características clínicas, analíticas y de bioimpedancia de los pacientes en hemodiálisis persistentemente hiperhidratados Translated title: Clinical, analytical and bioimpedance characteristics of persistently overhydrated haemodialysis patients

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          Abstract

          Introducción: La hiperhidratación es un importante y modificable factor de riesgo cardiovascular para los pacientes en hemodiálisis (HD). Su diagnóstico hasta el momento se había basado en métodos clínicos exclusivamente. En la actualidad disponemos de nuevas herramientas para valorar de forma más objetiva el estado hídrico de los pacientes en HD, como el BCM (Body Composition Monitor). Una sobrehidratación relativa (AvROH) mayor al 15 % por BCM (es decir, unos 2,5 litros de sobrehidratación absoluta o AWOH) se ha relacionado con mayor morbimortalidad en HD. Existe un grupo de pacientes en los que corregir la hiperhidratación resulta especialmente dificultoso. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar las características de aquellos pacientes en los que no conseguimos alcanzar un estado de hidratación, AvROH, menor del 15 % o un AWOH menor a 2,5 litros. Otro objetivo secundario es observar los cambios hemodinámicos y analíticos que la corrección de la hiperhidratación acarrea. Métodos: Estudio de cohortes longitudinal de seis meses de duración en 2959 pacientes en HD que son agrupados en función de su situación hídrica por BCM y en los que comparamos parámetros clínicos, analíticos y de bioimpedancia espectroscópica. Resultados: En aquellos pacientes en que se corrige la hiperhidratación, el cambio se acompaña de un descenso en la tensión arterial y el número de antihipertensivos (AHT), así como del consumo de agentes estimulantes de la eritropoyesis. Los pacientes que se mantienen hiperhidratados se pueden dividir en dos subgrupos: por un lado, pacientes diabéticos con elevado índice de Charlson y consumo de AHT, pero con un gradiente de sodio muy positivo intradiálisis; y por otro lado, jóvenes no diabéticos con elevado tiempo en HD con gradiente positivo de sodio en HD, menor índice de tejido graso, pero similar índice de tejido magro y albúmina que aquellos en que se reduce la hiperhidratación. Conclusiones: Observamos que aquellos pacientes en que se corrige la hiperhidratación presentan un mejor control de la tensión arterial y de la anemia con menor número de AHT y de agentes estimulantes de la eritropoyesis. En los pacientes que permanecen hiperhidratados, diabéticos pluripatológicos y varones jóvenes con elevado tiempo en diálisis y no adherentes al tratamiento o a las recomendaciones, se debe realizar un seguimiento especial y tratamiento dialítico y medicamentoso individualizado.

          Translated abstract

          Background: Fluid overload is an important and modifiable cardiovascular risk factor for haemodialysis patients. So far, the diagnosis was based on clinical methods alone. Nowadays, we have new tools to assess more objectively the hydration status of the patients on haemodialysis, as BCM (Body Composition Monitor). A Relative Overhydration (AvROH) higher than 15% (it means, Absolute Overhydration or AWOH higher than 2.5 Litres) is associated to greater risk in haemodialysis. However, there is a group of maintained hyperhydrated patients. The aim of the present study is to identify the characteristics of patients with maintained hyperhydrated status (AvROH higher than 15% or AWOH higher than 2.5 liters). The secondary aim is to show the hemodynamic and analytical changes that are related to the reduction in hyperhydration status. Methods: Longitudinal cohort study during six months in 2959 patients in haemodialysis (HD) that are grouped according to their hydration status by BCM. And we compare their clinical, analytical and bioimpedance spectroscopy parameters. Results: The change in overhydration status is followed by a decrease in blood pressure and the need for hypotensive drugs (AHT) and erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA). The target hydration status is not reached by two subgroups of patients. First, in diabetic patients with a high comorbidity index and high number of hypotensive drugs (AHT) but a great positive sodium gradient during dialysis sessions; and, younger non-diabetic patients with longer time on hemodialysis and positive sodium gradient, lower fat tissue index (FTI) but similar lean tissue index (LTI) and albumin than those with a reduction in hyperhydration status. Conclusion: Those patients with a reduction in hyperhydration status, also show a better control in blood pressure and anemia with less number of AHT and ESA. The maintained hyperhydrated patients, diabetic patients with many comorbidities and young men patients with longer time on hemodialysis and non-adherence treatment, can profit from a constant monitoring of their hydration state as well as an individualized treatment (dialysis and drugs).

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          Malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome in dialysis patients: causes and consequences.

          Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and inflammation are common and usually concurrent in maintenance dialysis patients. Many factors that appear to lead to these 2 conditions overlap, as do assessment tools and such criteria for detecting them as hypoalbuminemia. Both these conditions are related to poor dialysis outcome. Low appetite and a hypercatabolic state are among common features. PEM in dialysis patients has been suggested to be secondary to inflammation; however, the evidence is not conclusive, and an equicausal status or even opposite causal direction is possible. Hence, malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome (MICS) is an appropriate term. Possible causes of MICS include comorbid illnesses, oxidative and carbonyl stress, nutrient loss through dialysis, anorexia and low nutrient intake, uremic toxins, decreased clearance of inflammatory cytokines, volume overload, and dialysis-related factors. MICS is believed to be the main cause of erythropoietin hyporesponsiveness, high rate of cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease, decreased quality of life, and increased mortality and hospitalization in dialysis patients. Because MICS leads to a low body mass index, hypocholesterolemia, hypocreatininemia, and hypohomocysteinemia, a "reverse epidemiology" of cardiovascular risks can occur in dialysis patients. Therefore, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and increased blood levels of creatinine and homocysteine appear to be protective and paradoxically associated with a better outcome. There is no consensus about how to determine the degree of severity of MICS or how to manage it. Several diagnostic tools and treatment modalities are discussed. Successful management of MICS may ameliorate the cardiovascular epidemic and poor outcome in dialysis patients. Clinical trials focusing on MICS and its possible causes and consequences are urgently required to improve poor clinical outcome in dialysis patients.
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            Fluid retention is associated with cardiovascular mortality in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis.

            Patients with chronic kidney disease (stage 5) who undergo hemodialysis treatment have similarities to heart failure patients in that both populations retain fluid frequently and have excessively high mortality. Volume overload in heart failure is associated with worse outcomes. We hypothesized that in hemodialysis patients, greater interdialytic fluid gain is associated with poor all-cause and cardiovascular survival. We examined 2-year (July 2001 to June 2003) mortality in 34,107 hemodialysis patients across the United States who had an average weight gain of at least 0.5 kg above their end-dialysis dry weight by the time the subsequent hemodialysis treatment started. The 3-month averaged interdialytic weight gain was divided into 8 categories of 0.5-kg increments (up to > or =4.0 kg). Eighty-six percent of patients gained >1.5 kg between 2 dialysis sessions. In unadjusted analyses, higher weight gain was associated with better nutritional status (higher protein intake, serum albumin, and body mass index) and tended to be linked to greater survival. However, after multivariate adjustment for demographics (case mix) and surrogates of malnutrition-inflammation complex, higher weight-gain increments were associated with increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular death. The hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of cardiovascular death for weight gain or =4.0 kg (compared with 1.5 to 2.0 kg as the reference) were 0.67 (0.58 to 0.76) and 1.25 (1.12 to 1.39), respectively. In hemodialysis patients, greater fluid retention between 2 subsequent hemodialysis treatment sessions is associated with higher risk of all-cause and cardiovascular death. The mechanisms by which fluid retention influences cardiovascular survival in hemodialysis may be similar to those in patients with heart failure and warrant further research.
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              Longer treatment time and slower ultrafiltration in hemodialysis: associations with reduced mortality in the DOPPS.

              Longer treatment time (TT) and slower ultrafiltration rate (UFR) are considered advantageous for hemodialysis (HD) patients. The study included 22,000 HD patients from seven countries in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Logistic regression was used to study predictors of TT > 240 min and UFR > 10 ml/h/kg bodyweight. Cox regression was used for survival analyses. Statistical adjustments were made for patient demographics, comorbidities, dose of dialysis (Kt/V), and body size. Europe and Japan had significantly longer (P 240 min was independently associated with significantly lower relative risk (RR) of mortality (RR = 0.81; P = 0.0005). Every 30 min longer on HD was associated with a 7% lower RR of mortality (RR = 0.93; P 10 ml/h/kg was associated with higher odds of intradialytic hypotension (odds ratio = 1.30; P = 0.045) and a higher risk of mortality (RR = 1.09; P = 0.02). Longer TT and higher Kt/V were independently as well as synergistically associated with lower mortality. Rapid UFR during HD was also associated with higher mortality risk. These results warrant a randomized clinical trial of longer dialysis sessions in thrice-weekly HD.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                nefrologia
                Nefrología (Madrid)
                Nefrología (Madr.)
                Sociedad Española de Nefrología (Cantabria, Santander, Spain )
                0211-6995
                1989-2284
                2014
                : 34
                : 6
                : 716-723
                Affiliations
                [02] Cartagena orgnameHospital Universitario Santa Lucía orgdiv1Servicio de Nefrología
                [04] Córdoba orgnameHospital Universitario Reina Sofía orgdiv1Servicio de Nefrología
                [01] Madrid orgnameFresenius Medical Care
                [03] Madrid orgnameHospital Universitario Infanta Leonor orgdiv1Servicio de Nefrología
                Article
                S0211-69952014000600005
                10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2014.Sep.12468
                25415571
                b6de4ebb-4f6e-4086-a5f7-893d85b40c65

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 47, Pages: 8
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                Bioimpedancia espectroscópica,Sobrecarga hídrica,Hemodiálisis,Morbilidad,Bioimpedance spectroscopy,Fluid overload,Haemodialysis,Morbidity

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