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      Bioimpedanciometry in nutritional and hydration assessments in a single dialysis center Translated title: Bioimpedanciometria em avaliações nutricionais e de hidratação em um único centro de diálise

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          ABSTRACT

          Background:

          Bioimpedance analysis (BIA) has been demonstrated to add accuracy to nutritional and volume status assessments in dialysis (HD) patients.

          Aim:

          to describe a sample of dialysis patients from a single center on their demographics and BIA of volume distribution and nutritional status, and mortality during 12-month follow-up.

          Methods:

          prospective observational cohort study to evaluate vintage HD patients with single-frequency BIA.

          Results:

          we evaluated 82 patients, 29% over 65 years old. Elderly patients had higher ECW/TBW (0.51 vs. 0.44, p < 0.0001), and narrower phase angle (PhA) (4.9 vs. 6.4º, p < 0.0001). Fifteen patients (18.2%) died during follow-up, eight (53%) were elderly. Death was associated with age (62.6 vs. 50.2 years, p = 0.012), post-HD PhA (4.8 vs. 6.2º, p = 0.0001), and post-HD ECW/TBW (0.50 vs. 0.45, p = 0.015). The ROC curve analysis to predict mortality found ECW/TBW ≥ 0.47 and PhA ≤ 5.5º to have the best sensitivity and specificity. One-year patient survival was lower with post-HD ECW/TBW ≥ 0.47 (69.5% vs. 90.6%, p = 0.019), age ≥ 65 years (64.2%, vs. 86.2%, p = 0.029), and PhA ≤ 5.5º (68.2 vs. 91.0%, p = 0.002). Cox regression analysis demonstrated that PhA [HR 5.04 (95%CI 1.60–15.86), p = 0.006] remained associated with death after adjusting for age and ECW/TBW.

          Conclusion:

          BIA is useful in assessing volume distribution and nutrition in HD patients, and combined with clinical judgement, may help determine dry weight, especially in elderly patients. Narrower PhA and higher ECW/TBW after HD were associated with poorer one-year survival.

          RESUMO

          Antecedentes:

          Análise de bioimpedância (BIA) demonstrou adicionar acurácia às avaliações de estado nutricional e de volume em pacientes em diálise (HD).

          Objetivo:

          descrever amostra de pacientes em diálise de um único centro quanto aos aspectos demográficos e BIA na distribuição de volume e no estado nutricional, e a mortalidade em 12 meses de acompanhamento.

          Métodos:

          estudo de coorte observacional prospectivo para avaliar pacientes prevalentes em HD com BIA de frequência única.

          Resultados:

          avaliamos 82 pacientes, 29% acima de 65 anos. Pacientes idosos apresentaram maior AEC/ACT (0,51 vs. 0,44; p < 0,0001), e ângulo de fase mais estreito (PhA) (4,9 vs. 6,4º; p < 0,0001). Quinze pacientes (18,2%) foram a óbito durante acompanhamento, oito (53%) eram idosos. Óbito foi associado à idade (62,6 vs. 50,2 anos, p = 0,012), PhA pós-HD (4,8 vs. 6,2º; p = 0,0001), e AEC/ACT pós-HD (0,50 vs. 0,45, p = 0,015). A análise da curva ROC para prever mortalidade constatou que AEC/ACT ≥ 0,47 e PhA ≤ 5,5º apresentam melhor sensibilidade e especificidade. Sobrevida do paciente em um ano foi menor com AEC/ACT pós-HD ≥ 0,47 (69,5% vs. 90,6%; p = 0,019), idade ≥ 65 anos (64,2% vs. 86,2%; p = 0,029), e PhA ≤ 5,5º (68,2 vs. 91,0%; p = 0,002). A análise de regressão de Cox demonstrou que PhA [HR 5,04 (IC 95% 1,60–15,86); p = 0,006] permaneceu associado ao óbito após ajuste para idade e AEC/ACT.

          Conclusão:

          BIA é útil ao avaliar distribuição de volume e nutrição em pacientes em HD, e juntamente com julgamento clínico, pode ajudar a determinar o peso seco, principalmente em pacientes idosos. PhA mais estreito e maior AEC/ACT pós-HD foram associados a pior sobrevida em um ano.

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          Most cited references39

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          Chronic kidney disease and mortality risk: a systematic review.

          Current guidelines identify people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) as being at high risk for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Because as many as 19 million Americans may have CKD, a comprehensive summary of this risk would be potentially useful for planning public health policy. A systematic review of the association between non-dialysis-dependent CKD and the risk for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality was conducted. Patient- and study-related characteristics that influenced the magnitude of these associations also were investigated. MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched, and reference lists through December 2004 were consulted. Authors of 10 primary studies provided additional data. Cohort studies or cohort analyses of randomized, controlled trials that compared mortality between those with and without chronically reduced kidney function were included. Studies were excluded from review when participants were followed for < 1 yr or had ESRD. Two reviewers independently extracted data on study setting, quality, participant and renal function characteristics, and outcomes. Thirty-nine studies that followed a total of 1,371,990 participants were reviewed. The unadjusted relative risk for mortality in participants with reduced kidney function compared with those without ranged from 0.94 to 5.0 and was significantly more than 1.0 in 93% of cohorts. Among the 16 studies that provided suitable data, the absolute risk for death increased exponentially with decreasing renal function. Fourteen cohorts described the risk for mortality from reduced kidney function, after adjustment for other established risk factors. Although adjusted relative hazards were consistently lower than unadjusted relative risks (median reduction 17%), they remained significantly more than 1.0 in 71% of cohorts. This review supports current guidelines that identify individuals with CKD as being at high risk for cardiovascular mortality. Determining which interventions best offset this risk remains a health priority.
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            KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in CKD: 2020 Update

            The National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) has provided evidence-based guidelines for nutrition in kidney diseases since 1999. Since the publication of the first KDOQI nutrition guideline, there has been a great accumulation of new evidence regarding the management of nutritional aspects of kidney disease and sophistication in the guidelines process. The 2020 update to the KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in CKD was developed as a joint effort with the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (Academy). It provides comprehensive up-to-date information on the understanding and care of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially in terms of their metabolic and nutritional milieu for the practicing clinician and allied health care workers. The guideline was expanded to include not only patients with end-stage kidney disease or advanced CKD, but also patients with stages 1-5 CKD who are not receiving dialysis and patients with a functional kidney transplant. The updated guideline statements focus on 6 primary areas: nutritional assessment, medical nutrition therapy (MNT), dietary protein and energy intake, nutritional supplementation, micronutrients, and electrolytes. The guidelines primarily cover dietary management rather than all possible nutritional interventions. The evidence data and guideline statements were evaluated using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. As applicable, each guideline statement is accompanied by rationale/background information, a detailed justification, monitoring and evaluation guidance, implementation considerations, special discussions, and recommendations for future research.
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              Importance of Whole-Body Bioimpedance Spectroscopy for the Management of Fluid Balance

              Introduction: Achieving normohydration remains a non-trivial issue in haemodialysis therapy. Preventing the deleterious effects of fluid overload and dehydration is difficult to achieve. Objective and clinically applicable methods for the determination of a target representing normohydration are needed. Methods: Whole-body bioimpedance spectroscopy (50 frequencies, 5–1,000 kHz) in combination with a physiologic tissue model can provide an objective target for normohydration based on the concept of excess extracellular volume. We review the efficacy of this approach in a number of recent clinical applications. The accuracy to determine fluid volumes (e.g. extracellular water), body composition (e.g. fat mass) and fluid overload was evaluated in more than 1,000 healthy individuals and patients against available gold standard reference methods (e.g. bromide, deuterium, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, air displacement plethysmography, clinical assessment). Results: The comparison with gold standard methods showed excellent accordance [e.g. R 2 (total body water) = 0.88; median ± SD (total body water) = –0.17 ± 2.7 litres]. Agreement with high-quality clinical assessment of fluid status was demonstrated in several hundred patients (median ± SD = –0.23 ± 1.5 litres). The association between ultrafiltration volume and change in fluid overload was reflected well by the method (median ± SD = 0.015 ± 0.8 litres). The predictive value of fluid overload on mortality underlines forcefully the clinical relevance of the normohydration target, being secondary only to the presence of diabetes. The objective normohydration target could be achieved in prevalent haemodialysis patients leading to an improvement in hypertension and reduction of adverse events. Conclusion: Whole-body bioimpedance spectroscopy in combination with a physiologic tissue model provides for the first time an objective and relevant target for clinical dry weight assessment.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Bras Nefrol
                J Bras Nefrol
                jbn
                Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia
                Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia
                0101-2800
                2175-8239
                05 December 2022
                Jul-Sep 2023
                : 45
                : 3
                : 277-286
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Departamento de Nefrologia e Transplante de Rim e Pâncreas, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
                [2 ]Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
                [3 ]Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
                [4 ]Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Programa de Graduação em Nutrição, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
                [5 ]Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Programa de Iniciação Científica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
                Author notes
                [Correspondence to: ] Gisele Meinerz. E-mail: giselemeinerz@ 123456icloud.com

                >Authors’ Contribution: All authors contributed substantially to the development of this manuscript. CZ and EK led the conceptualization, data curation, analysis, administration, writing and reviewing of the manuscript. GM contributed to data curation, analysis, writing and reviewing the manuscript. RK contributed to data curation and analysis. CG contributed to conceptualization, investigation and methodology. BJ contributed to data curation, investigation and methodology. JCG contributed to analysis, supervision and reviewing the manuscript.

                Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6784-0894
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7338-2431
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6897-5566
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2099-5685
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5519-8224
                Article
                10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2022-0037en
                10697165
                36469485
                5e266c0a-884a-4666-bcc1-0f14d4f8ef8d

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 02 March 2022
                : 07 October 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 8, References: 37
                Categories
                Original Article

                electric impedanc,renal dialysi,body compositio,mortality,impedância elétrica,diálise renal,composição corporal,mortalidade

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