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      The emerging role of long non‐coding RNA in spinal cord injury

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          Abstract

          Spinal cord injury ( SCI) is a significant health burden worldwide which causes permanent neurological deficits, and there are approximately 17,000 new cases each year. However, there are no effective and current treatments that lead to functional recovery because of the limited understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of SCI. In recent years, the biological roles of long non‐coding RNAs (lnc RNAs) in SCI have attracted great attention from the researchers all over the world, and an increasing number of studies have investigated the regulatory roles of lnc RNAs in SCI. In this review, we summarized the biogenesis, classification and function of lnc RNAs and focused on the investigations on the roles of lnc RNAs involved in the pathogenic processes of SCI, including neuronal loss, astrocyte proliferation and activation, demyelination, microglia activation, inflammatory reaction and angiogenesis. This review will help understand the molecular mechanisms of SCI and facilitate the potential use of lnc RNAs as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for SCI treatment.

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          Global prevalence and incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury

          Anoushka Singh, Lindsay Tetreault, Suhkvinder Kalsi-Ryan … (2014)
          Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a traumatic event that impacts a patient’s physical, psychological, and social well-being and places substantial financial burden on health care systems. To determine the true impact of SCI, this systematic review aims to summarize literature reporting on either the incidence or prevalence of SCI. Methods A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, MEDLINE in process, EMBASE, Cochrane Controlled Trial Register, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews to identify relevant literature published through June 2013. We sought studies that provided regional, provincial/state, or national data on the incidence of SCI or reported estimates of disease prevalence. The level of evidence of each study was rated using a scale that evaluated study design, methodology, sampling bias, and precision of estimates. Results The initial search yielded 5,874 articles, 48 of which met the inclusion criteria. Forty-four studies estimated the incidence of SCI and nine reported the prevalence, with five discussing both. Of the incidence studies, 14 provided figures at a regional, ten at a state or provincial level and 21 at a national level. The prevalence of SCI was highest in the United States of America (906 per million) and lowest in the Rhone-Alpes region, France (250 per million) and Helsinki, Finland (280 per million). With respect to states and provinces in North America, the crude annual incidence of SCI was highest in Alaska (83 per million) and Mississippi (77 per million) and lowest in Alabama (29.4 per million), despite a large percentage of violence injuries (21.2%). Annual incidences were above 50 per million in the Hualien County in Taiwan (56.1 per million), the central Portugal region (58 per million), and Olmsted County in Minnesota (54.8 per million) and were lower than 20 per million in Taipei, Taiwan (14.6 per million), the Rhone-Alpes region in France (12.7 per million), Aragon, Spain (12.1 per million), Southeast Turkey (16.9 per million), and Stockholm, Sweden (19.5 per million). The highest national incidence was 49.1 per million in New Zealand, and the lowest incidences were in Fiji (10.0 per million) and Spain (8.0 per million). The majority of studies showed a high male-to-female ratio and an age of peak incidence of younger than 30 years old. Traffic accidents were typically the most common cause of SCI, followed by falls in the elderly population. Conclusion This review demonstrates that the incidence, prevalence, and causation of SCI differs between developing and developed countries and suggests that management and preventative strategies need to be tailored to regional trends. The rising aging population in westernized countries also indicates that traumatic SCI secondary to falls may become an increasing public health challenge and that incidence among the elderly may rise with increasing life expectancy.
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            Enhancer RNAs and regulated transcriptional programs.

            Michael T Y Lam, Wenbo Li, Michael G. Rosenfeld … (2014)
            A large portion of the human genome is transcribed into RNAs without known protein-coding functions, far outnumbering coding transcription units. Extensive studies of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have clearly demonstrated that they can play critical roles in regulating gene expression, development, and diseases, acting both as transcriptional activators and repressors. More recently, enhancers have been found to be broadly transcribed, resulting in the production of enhancer-derived RNAs, or eRNAs. Here, we review emerging evidence suggesting that at least some eRNAs contribute to enhancer function. We discuss these findings with respect to potential mechanisms of action of eRNAs and other ncRNAs in regulated gene expression. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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              The bright side of dark matter: lncRNAs in cancer.

              Joseph Evans, Felix Y Feng, Arul M Chinnaiyan (2016)
              The traditional view of genome organization has been upended in the last decade with the discovery of vast amounts of non-protein-coding transcription. After initial concerns that this "dark matter" of the genome was transcriptional noise, it is apparent that a subset of these noncoding RNAs are functional. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) genes resemble protein-coding genes in several key aspects, and they have myriad molecular functions across many cellular pathways and processes, including oncogenic signaling. The number of lncRNA genes has recently been greatly expanded by our group to triple the number of protein-coding genes; therefore, lncRNAs are likely to play a role in many biological processes. Based on their large number and expression specificity in a variety of cancers, lncRNAs are likely to serve as the basis for many clinical applications in oncology.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Shiqing Feng: sqfeng@tmu.edu.cn
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Cell Mol Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Cell. Mol. Med
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1111/(ISSN)1582-4934
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JCMM
                Title: Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 1582-1838
                ISSN (Electronic): 1582-4934
                Publication date (Electronic): 01 February 2018
                Publication date (Print): April 2018
                Volume: 22
                Issue: 4 ( doiID: 10.1111/jcmm.2018.22.issue-4 )
                Pages: 2055-2061
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Orthopaedics Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China
                [ 2 ] Department of Orthopaedics the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou Jiangsu China
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence to: Prof. Shiqing FENG

                E‐mail: sqfeng@ 123456tmu.edu.cn

                [†]

                Authors contributed equally.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9169-5319
                Article
                Publisher ID: JCMM13515
                DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13515
                PMC ID: 5867120
                PubMed ID: 29392896
                SO-VID: b488038f-8f91-42fd-96c8-fda1b3e00423
                Copyright © © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Foundation for Cellular and Molecular Medicine.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 29 October 2017
                Date accepted : 16 November 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 1, Pages: 7, Words: 5985
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China
                Award ID: 81501899
                Award ID: 81702147
                Funded by: State Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China
                Award ID: 81330042
                Funded by: International Cooperation Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China
                Award ID: 81620108018
                Funded by: Special Program for Sino‐Russian Joint Research Sponsored by the Ministry of Science and Technology, China
                Award ID: 2014DFR31210
                Funded by: Key Program Sponsored by the Tianjin Science and Technology Committee, China
                Award ID: 13RCGFSY19000
                Award ID: 14ZCZDSY00044
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article
                Subject: Reviews
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                component-id jcmm13515
                cover-date April 2018
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:version=5.3.3 mode:remove_FC converted:25.03.2018

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: spinal cord injury,long non‐coding rna,neuron,astrocyte,oligodendrocyte,microglia,inflammation,angiogenesis
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: spinal cord injury, long non‐coding rna, neuron, astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, microglia, inflammation, angiogenesis

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