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      Growing up in Bradford: protocol for the age 7–11 follow up of the Born in Bradford birth cohort

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          Abstract

          Background

          Born in Bradford (BiB) is a prospective multi-ethnic pregnancy and birth cohort study that was established to examine determinants of health and development during childhood and, subsequently, adult life in a deprived multi-ethnic population in the north of England. Between 2007 and 2010, the BiB cohort recruited 12,453 women who experienced 13,776 pregnancies and 13,858 births, along with 3353 of their partners. Forty five percent of the cohort are of Pakistani origin. Now that children are at primary school, the first full follow-up of the cohort is taking place. The aims of the follow-up are to investigate the determinants of children’s pre-pubertal health and development, including through understanding parents’ health and wellbeing, and to obtain data on exposures in childhood that might influence future health.

          Methods

          We are employing a multi-method approach across three data collection arms (community-based family visits, school based physical assessment, and whole classroom cognitive, motor function and wellbeing measures) to follow-up over 9000 BiB children aged 7–11 years and their families between 2017 and 2021. We are collecting detailed parent and child questionnaires, cognitive and sensorimotor assessments, blood pressure, anthropometry and blood samples from parents and children. Dual x-ray absorptiometry body scans, accelerometry and urine samples are collected on subsamples. Informed consent is collected for continued routine data linkage to health, social care and education records. A range of engagement activities are being used to raise the profile of BiB and to disseminate findings.

          Discussion

          Our multi-method approach to recruitment and assessment provides an efficient method of collecting rich data on all family members. Data collected will enhance BiB as a resource for the international research community to study the interplay between ethnicity, socioeconomic circumstances and biology in relation to cardiometabolic health, mental health, education, cognitive and sensorimotor development and wellbeing.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-019-7222-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references27

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          Ambient air pollution and low birthweight: a European cohort study (ESCAPE).

          Ambient air pollution has been associated with restricted fetal growth, which is linked with adverse respiratory health in childhood. We assessed the effect of maternal exposure to low concentrations of ambient air pollution on birthweight. We pooled data from 14 population-based mother-child cohort studies in 12 European countries. Overall, the study population included 74 178 women who had singleton deliveries between Feb 11, 1994, and June 2, 2011, and for whom information about infant birthweight, gestational age, and sex was available. The primary outcome of interest was low birthweight at term (weight <2500 g at birth after 37 weeks of gestation). Mean concentrations of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2·5 μm (PM2·5), less than 10 μm (PM10), and between 2·5 μm and 10 μm during pregnancy were estimated at maternal home addresses with temporally adjusted land-use regression models, as was PM2·5 absorbance and concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrogen oxides. We also investigated traffic density on the nearest road and total traffic load. We calculated pooled effect estimates with random-effects models. A 5 μg/m(3) increase in concentration of PM2·5 during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of low birthweight at term (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1·18, 95% CI 1·06-1·33). An increased risk was also recorded for pregnancy concentrations lower than the present European Union annual PM2·5 limit of 25 μg/m(3) (OR for 5 μg/m(3) increase in participants exposed to concentrations of less than 20 μg/m(3) 1·41, 95% CI 1·20-1·65). PM10 (OR for 10 μg/m(3) increase 1·16, 95% CI 1·00-1·35), NO2 (OR for 10 μg/m(3) increase 1·09, 1·00-1·19), and traffic density on nearest street (OR for increase of 5000 vehicles per day 1·06, 1·01-1·11) were also associated with increased risk of low birthweight at term. The population attributable risk estimated for a reduction in PM2·5 concentration to 10 μg/m(3) during pregnancy corresponded to a decrease of 22% (95% CI 8-33%) in cases of low birthweight at term. Exposure to ambient air pollutants and traffic during pregnancy is associated with restricted fetal growth. A substantial proportion of cases of low birthweight at term could be prevented in Europe if urban air pollution was reduced. The European Union. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            The association between green space and depressive symptoms in pregnant women: moderating roles of socioeconomic status and physical activity

            Background The current study explored the association between green space and depression in a deprived, multiethnic sample of pregnant women, and examined moderating and mediating variables. Method 7547 women recruited to the ‘Born in Bradford’ cohort completed a questionnaire during pregnancy. A binary measure of depressive symptoms was calculated using a validated survey. Two green space measures were used: quintiles of residential greenness calculated using the normalised difference vegetation index for three neighbourhood sizes (100, 300 and 500 m buffer zones around participant addresses); access to major green spaces estimated as straight line distance between participant address and nearest green space (>0.5 hectares). Logistic regression analyses examined relationships between green space and depressive symptoms, controlling for ethnicity, demographics, socioeconomic status (SES) and health behaviours. Multiplicative interactions explored variations by ethnic group, SES or activity levels. Mediation analysis assessed indirect effects via physical activity. Results Pregnant women in the greener quintiles were 18–23% less likely to report depressive symptoms than those in the least green quintile (for within 100 m of green space buffer zone). The green space-depressive symptoms association was significant for women with lower education or who were active. Physical activity partially mediated the association of green space, but explained only a small portion of the direct effect. Conclusions Higher residential greenness was associated with a reduced likelihood of depressive symptoms. Associations may be stronger for more disadvantaged groups and for those who are already physically active. Improving green space is a promising intervention to reduce risk of depression in disadvantaged groups.
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              Methods for Testing and Evaluating Survey Questions

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                philippa.bird@nhs.net
                Rosie.mceachan@bthft.nhs.uk
                m.mon-williams@leeds.ac.uk
                n.a.small@bradford.ac.uk
                jane.west@bthft.nhs.uk
                pwhincup@sgul.ac.uk
                john.wright@bthft.nhs.uk
                e.c.andrews@leeds.ac.uk
                sally.barber@bthft.nhs.uk
                l.j.hill@leeds.ac.uk
                laura.lennon@bthft.nhs.uk
                dan.mason@bthft.nhs.uk
                katy.shire@bthft.nhs.uk
                dagmar.waiblinger@bthft.nhs.uk
                A.H.Waterman@leeds.ac.uk
                d.a.lawlor@bthft.nhs.uk
                kate.pickett@york.ac.uk
                Journal
                BMC Public Health
                BMC Public Health
                BMC Public Health
                BioMed Central (London )
                1471-2458
                12 July 2019
                12 July 2019
                2019
                : 19
                : 939
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0379 5398, GRID grid.418449.4, Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, , Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, ; Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9965 1030, GRID grid.415967.8, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, ; Great George Street, Leeds, LS1 3EX UK
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8403, GRID grid.9909.9, School of Psychology, , University of Leeds, ; Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0379 5283, GRID grid.6268.a, Faculty of Health Studies, , University of Bradford, ; Bradford, BD7 1DP UK
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7603, GRID grid.5337.2, Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, , Bristol University, ; Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, BS8 2BN UK
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8546 682X, GRID grid.264200.2, Population Health Research Institute, , St George’s, University of London, ; Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
                [7 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7603, GRID grid.5337.2, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, ; Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN UK
                [8 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7603, GRID grid.5337.2, Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, , University of Bristol University, ; Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN UK
                [9 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7603, GRID grid.5337.2, Bristol NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, ; Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN UK
                [10 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9668, GRID grid.5685.e, Department of Health Sciences University of York Seebohm Rowntree Building, , University of York, ; Heslington, York YO10 5DD UK
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1302-6675
                Article
                7222
                10.1186/s12889-019-7222-2
                6626420
                31300003
                b46d31d8-a4ca-4bb5-8651-19e91756438f
                © The Author(s). 2019

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 20 March 2019
                : 20 June 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100004440, Wellcome Trust;
                Award ID: WT101597MA
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000265, Medical Research Council;
                Award ID: G0600705
                Award ID: MR/N024397/1
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000274, British Heart Foundation;
                Award ID: CS/16/4/32482
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000272, National Institute for Health Research;
                Award ID: CLARHC Yorkshire and Humber
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Medical Research Council
                Award ID: MC_UU_00011/6
                Funded by: National Institute for Health Research
                Award ID: NF-SI-0611-10196
                Funded by: US National Institute of Health
                Award ID: R01 DK10324
                Funded by: European Union's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013
                Award ID: 669545
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Study Protocol
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Public health
                born in bradford,birth cohort study,ethnicity,mental health,cardiorespiratory health,cognitive development,sensorimotor development,socio-economic status

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