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      Spatial analysis of Chikungunya fever incidence and the associated socioeconomic, demographic, and vector infestation factors in municipalities of Pernambuco, Brazil, 2015–2021 Translated title: Análise espacial da incidência da febre de Chikungunya e dos fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos e de infestação vetorial associados, em municípios de Pernambuco, Brasil, 2015–2021

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          ABSTRACT

          Objective:

          To identify the spatial patterns of chikungunya fever (CHIKF) and the associated socioeconomic, demographic, and vector infestation factors in the 1 st Health Region of Pernambuco (1 st HRP).

          Methods:

          This ecological study used a spatial analysis of Mean Incidence Rates (MIR) of probable cases of CHIKF reported among residents of the 19 municipalities of the 1 st HRP, in 2015–2021. The univariate and bivariate global Moran indexes (I) were estimated. From the significant associations (p<0.05), clusters were identified using the local Moran index and maps.

          Results:

          A predominance of the largest CHIKF rates was identified in the east. However, there was a heterogeneous distribution of rates across municipalities, which may have contributed to the absence of spatial autocorrelation of CHIKF (I=0.03; p=0.294) in univariate I. The bivariate I revealed a positive spatial correlation between CHIKF and the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) (I=0.245; p=0.038), but with a cluster of cities with low incidences and low MHDI in the west. There was no spatial correlation between CHIKF and the other variables analyzed: population density, Gini index, social vulnerability index, and building infestation index for Aedes aegypti.

          Conclusions:

          The results suggest that only the MHDI influenced the occurrence of CHIKF in the 1 st HRP, so that municipalities in the west demonstrated spatial dependence between lower values of MHDI and MIR. However, this spatial correlation may have occurred due to possible underreporting in the area. These findings can assist in the (re)orientation of resources for surveillance and health care services.

          RESUMO

          Objetivo:

          Identificar, na Iᵃ Região de Saúde de Pernambuco (Iᵃ RSP), os padrões espaciais da febre de Chikungunya (CHIKF) e os fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos e de infestação vetorial associados.

          Métodos:

          Este estudo ecológico utilizou a análise espacial das Taxas Médias de Incidência (TMI) de casos prováveis da CHIKF notificados entre os residentes dos 19 municípios da Iᵃ RSP no período de 2015–2021. Os índices de Moran global (I) univariados e bivariados foram estimados. Das associações significativas (p<0,05), clusters foram localizados por meio do Índice de Moran Local e de mapas.

          Resultados:

          Identificou-se predominância das maiores TMI da CHIKF no leste. Entretanto, houve distribuição heterogênea das taxas dos municípios, o que pode ter contribuído para a ausência de autocorrelação espacial da CHIKF (I=0,03; p=0,294) no I univariado. O I bivariado revelou correlação espacial positiva entre a CHIKF e o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM) (I=0,245; p=0,038), porém com um cluster de cidades com baixas incidências e baixo IDHM no oeste. Não houve correlação espacial entre a CHIKF e as demais variáveis analisadas: densidade demográfica, Índice de Gini, Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social e Índice de Infestação Predial de Aedes aegypti.

          Conclusões:

          Os resultados sugerem que somente o IDHM influenciou na ocorrência da CHIKF na Iᵃ RSP, de forma que municípios do oeste demonstraram dependência espacial entre menores valores de IDHM e TMI. No entanto, essa correlação espacial pode ter ocorrido devido às possíveis subnotificações na área. Tais achados podem auxiliar na (re)orientação de recursos dos serviços de vigilância e assistência à saúde.

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          Most cited references39

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          Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China

          Abstract Background Since December 2019, when coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) emerged in Wuhan city and rapidly spread throughout China, data have been needed on the clinical characteristics of the affected patients. Methods We extracted data regarding 1099 patients with laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 from 552 hospitals in 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in mainland China through January 29, 2020. The primary composite end point was admission to an intensive care unit (ICU), the use of mechanical ventilation, or death. Results The median age of the patients was 47 years; 41.9% of the patients were female. The primary composite end point occurred in 67 patients (6.1%), including 5.0% who were admitted to the ICU, 2.3% who underwent invasive mechanical ventilation, and 1.4% who died. Only 1.9% of the patients had a history of direct contact with wildlife. Among nonresidents of Wuhan, 72.3% had contact with residents of Wuhan, including 31.3% who had visited the city. The most common symptoms were fever (43.8% on admission and 88.7% during hospitalization) and cough (67.8%). Diarrhea was uncommon (3.8%). The median incubation period was 4 days (interquartile range, 2 to 7). On admission, ground-glass opacity was the most common radiologic finding on chest computed tomography (CT) (56.4%). No radiographic or CT abnormality was found in 157 of 877 patients (17.9%) with nonsevere disease and in 5 of 173 patients (2.9%) with severe disease. Lymphocytopenia was present in 83.2% of the patients on admission. Conclusions During the first 2 months of the current outbreak, Covid-19 spread rapidly throughout China and caused varying degrees of illness. Patients often presented without fever, and many did not have abnormal radiologic findings. (Funded by the National Health Commission of China and others.)
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            The arboviral burden of disease caused by co-circulation and co-infection of dengue, chikungunya and Zika in the Americas.

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              Saneamento, Arboviroses e Determinantes Ambientais: impactos na saúde urbana

              Resumo Quais as repercussões da urbanização mal planejada na saúde da população? Entender a saúde urbana, os riscos acarretados pelas cidades, as repercussões na saúde e as relações sociais auxiliam no planejamento no qual a prevenção deve ser investida. Assim, com o objetivo de verificar a relação entre urbanização e saúde urbana, em especial as infecções ocasionadas pelo vetor “Aedes aegypti”, foi realizado um estudo qualitativo e uma investigação descritiva e analítica através de busca documental e bibliográfica. Os resultados apontam que os impactos ambientais decorrentes da falta de infraestrutura resultante da urbanização podem oferecer riscos à saúde humana, visto que a disposição de resíduos em lixões e aterros podem ocasionar exposição a substâncias químicas perigosas à saúde. Além disso, o saneamento ineficaz pode acarretar em doenças veiculadas pela água e propiciar a reprodução de vetores de outras enfermidades, como é o caso do “Aedes aegypti”, responsável pela transmissão das arboviroses (dengue, chikungunya e Zika). Dessa forma, estudar saúde ambiental e urbana proporciona embasamento para a promoção de qualidade de vida das pessoas que residem nessas áreas e permite propor medidas que evitem doenças relacionadas à urbanização.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Formal analysisRole: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editingRole: Methodology
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Project administrationRole: Formal analysisRole: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editingRole: Supervision
                Role: Project administrationRole: Formal analysisRole: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editingRole: MethodologyRole: Supervision
                Journal
                Rev Bras Epidemiol
                Rev Bras Epidemiol
                rbepid
                Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia (Brazilian Journal of Epidemiology)
                Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva
                1415-790X
                1980-5497
                20 February 2023
                2023
                : 26
                : e230018
                Affiliations
                [I ]Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira, Multiprofessional Residency Program in Collective Health – Recife (PE), Brazil.
                [II ]Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de Pernambuco, Environmental Surveillance – Recife (PE), Brazil.
                [III ]Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Graduate Program in Public Health – Recife (PE), Brazil.
                [IV ]Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de Pernambuco, Epidemiological Surveillance – Recife (PE), Brazil.
                [V ]Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Ciências Médicas, Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine – Recife (PE), Brazil.
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Maísa Aguiar-Santos. Rua dos Coelhos, 300 – Coelhos, CEP: 50070-555, Recife (PE), Brasil. E-mail: maisaaguiars@live.com

                Conflict of interests: nothing to declare

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8977-9385
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0999-2398
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0245-1142
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6138-5301
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4816-021X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6828-4079
                Article
                00416
                10.1590/1980-549720230018
                9949488
                36820755
                b2acc00a-fcbe-4431-a384-c674698918b8

                All the contents of this journal, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 11 August 2022
                : 04 November 2022
                : 18 November 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 38
                Categories
                Original Article

                arbovirus infections,aedes aegypti,chikungunya virus,spatial analysis,socioeconomic factors,public health surveillance,infecções por arbovirus,vírus chikungunya,análise espacial,fatores socioeconômicos,vigilância em saúde pública

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