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      Use of insect repellent as personal protection among women of childbearing age in an arbovirus endemic area in Northeastern Brazil Translated title: Uso de repelente como medida de proteção pessoal por mulheres em idade fértil residentes em áreas endêmicas para arboviroses no Nordeste do Brasil

      research-article
      I , I , I , I , I , I , I , II , III , IV , I , I , V , V , I , II , I
      Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia (Brazilian Journal of Epidemiology)
      Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva
      Public health, Arboviruses, Zika virus, Women’s health, Insect repellents, Vulnerable populations, Saúde pública. Arbovírus, Zika vírus, Saúde da mulher, Repelentes de insetos, Populações vulneráveis

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          ABSTRACT

          Objective:

          To analyze the factors associated with the individual use of insect repellent by women of childbearing age living in area endemic for arboviruses in Fortaleza, Brazil.

          Methods:

          This is a cohort study carried out between 2018 and 2019 with women aged between 15 and 39 years in Fortaleza, state of Ceará, Brazil. A total of 1,173 women users of one of the four selected primary health care units participated in the study. The outcome was divided into: continued use, discontinued use, and nonuse of insect repellent. Crude and adjusted multinominal logistic regression analysis was carried out guided by a hierarchical model, with presentation of the respective odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The independent variables include: socioeconomic and demographic data, environmental and sanitary characteristics, knowledge of the insect repellent, and behavioral and pregnancy-related aspects.

          Results:

          Only 28% of the participants reported using insect repellent during the two waves of the cohort. Women with higher education (OR=2.55; 95%CI 1.44–4.51); who are employed (OR=1.51; 95%CI 1.12–2.03); who received guidance from healthcare professionals (OR=1.74; 95%CI 1.28–2.36) and the media (OR=1.43; 95%CI 1.01–2.02); who intensified precautions against mosquitoes during the epidemic (OR=3.64; 95%CI 2.29–5.78); and who were pregnant between 2016 and 2019 (OR=2.80; 95%CI 1.83–4.30) had increased odds for continued use of insect repellent.

          Conclusion:

          The use of insect repellent among women of childbearing age was associated with a higher level of education, employment, guidance on insect repellent provided by healthcare professionals and the media, behavioral changes to protect against mosquitoes during the Zika virus epidemic, and pregnancy when occurring as of the beginning of the epidemic period.

          RESUMO

          Objetivo:

          Analisar os fatores associados ao uso de repelente individual por mulheres em idade fértil residentes em área endêmicas para arboviroses em Fortaleza, Brasil.

          Métodos:

          Coorte realizada entre 2018 e 2019, com mulheres entre 15 e 39 anos, moradoras em Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Participaram 1.173 mulheres, usuárias de quatro unidades primárias de saúde do município. O desfecho foi categorizado em: uso continuado, uso descontinuado e não uso de repelente. Realizada análise de regressão logística multinominal norteada por modelo hierárquico, com apresentação dos respectivos odds ratio (OR) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). As variáveis independentes incluem: dados socioeconômicos e demográficos, características ambientais e sanitárias, conhecimento sobre o repelente e aspectos comportamentais e relacionados à gravidez.

          Resultados:

          Somente 28% das participantes referiram o uso de repelente durante as duas ondas da coorte. Mulheres com escolaridade superior (OR=2,55; IC95% 1,44–4,51); com emprego (OR=1,51; IC95% 1,12–2,03); que receberam orientações por profissionais da saúde (OR=1,74; IC95% 1,28–2,36) e pela mídia (OR=1,43; IC95% 1,01–2,02); que intensificaram os cuidados contra o mosquito na epidemia (OR=3,64; IC95% 2,29–5,78); estavam grávidas entre 2016 e 2019 (OR=2,80; IC95% 1,83–4,30) tiveram as chances aumentadas para uso continuado de repelente.

          Conclusões:

          O uso de repelente entre mulheres em idade fértil mostrou-se associado a um maior nível de escolaridade, ao emprego, às orientações sobre repelente fornecidas por profissionais de saúde e pela mídia, às mudanças comportamentais de cuidado contra o mosquito durante a epidemia da Zika e à gravidez quando ocorrida a partir do início do período epidêmico.

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          Most cited references44

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          Past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus

          The global population at risk from mosquito-borne diseases—including dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and Zika—is expanding in concert with changes in the distribution of two key vectors: Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The distribution of these species is largely driven by both human movement and the presence of suitable climate. Using statistical mapping techniques, we show that human movement patterns explain the spread of both species in Europe and the United States following their introduction. We find that the spread of Ae. aegypti is characterized by long distance importations, while Ae. albopictus has expanded more along the fringes of its distribution. We describe these processes and predict the future distributions of both species in response to accelerating urbanization, connectivity and climate change. Global surveillance and control efforts that aim to mitigate the spread of chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever and Zika viruses must consider the so far unabated spread of these mosquitos. Our maps and predictions offer an opportunity to strategically target surveillance and control programmes and thereby augment efforts to reduce arbovirus burden in human populations globally.
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            The role of conceptual frameworks in epidemiological analysis: a hierarchical approach.

            This paper discusses appropriate strategies for multivariate data analysis in epidemiological studies.
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              Zika, chikungunya and dengue: the causes and threats of new and re-emerging arboviral diseases

              The recent emergence and re-emergence of viral infections transmitted by vectors—Zika, chikungunya, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, yellow fever and others—is a cause for international concern. Using as examples Zika, chikungunya and dengue, we summarise current knowledge on characteristics of the viruses and their transmission, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, burden, history, possible causes of the spread and the expectation for future epidemics. Arboviruses are transmitted by mosquitoes, are of difficult diagnosis, can have surprising clinical complications and cause severe burden. The current situation is complex, because there is no vaccine for Zika and chikungunya and no specific treatment for the three arboviruses. Vector control is the only comprehensive solution available now and this remains a challenge because up to now this has not been very effective. Until we develop new technologies of control mosquito populations, the globalised and urbanised world we live in will remain vulnerable to the threat of successive arbovirus epidemics.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Formal analysisRole: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editingRole: Investigation, ValidationRole: Visualization
                Role: Formal analysisRole: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editingRole: ValidationRole: Visualization
                Role: Project administrationRole: Formal analysisRole: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editingRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: ValidationRole: Visualization
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editingRole: InvestigationRole: ValidationRole: Visualization
                Role: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editingRole: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: Visualization
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editingRole: ValidationRole: Visualization
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editingRole: ValidationRole: Visualization
                Role: Formal analysisRole: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editingRole: Resources
                Role: Project administrationRole: Formal analysisRole: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editingRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Visualization
                Role: Project administrationRole: Formal analysisRole: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editingRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Funding acquisitionRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Visualization
                Journal
                Rev Bras Epidemiol
                Rev Bras Epidemiol
                rbepid
                Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia (Brazilian Journal of Epidemiology)
                Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva
                1415-790X
                1980-5497
                13 May 2024
                2024
                : 27
                : e240025
                Affiliations
                [I ]Universidade Federal do Ceará, School of Medicine, Department of Community Health – Fortaleza (CE), Brazil.
                [II ]Tulane University, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Department of Social Behavior and Population Science – New Orleans (LA), USA.
                [III ]University of California, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics – San Francisco, California (CA), USA.
                [IV ]Universidade Federal da Bahia, Institute of Collective Health – Salvador (BA), Brazil.
                [V ]Universidade Federal do Ceará, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine – Fortaleza (CE), Brazil.
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Livia Karla Sales Dias. Rua Papi Júnior, 1223, Rodolfo Teófilo, CEP: 60430-235, Fortaleza (CE), Brazil. E-mail: liviadiasenf@ 123456gmail.com

                Conflict of interest: nothing to declare.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3000-1472
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6021-564X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4318-552X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1299-659X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5043-6393
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7743-3109
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6886-1750
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8926-1861
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0707-8287
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3318-3408
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0291-9523
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6423-543X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2238-0388
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0018-7736
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0794-4333
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4941-408X
                Article
                00420
                10.1590/1980-549720240025
                11093518
                38747743
                29d6e9ff-5010-4e4e-b5ce-4729275f0902

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 24 September 2023
                : 11 January 2024
                : 30 January 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 04, Tables: 06, References: 41
                Categories
                Original Article

                public health,arboviruses,zika virus,women’s health,insect repellents,vulnerable populations,saúde pública. arbovírus,zika vírus,saúde da mulher,repelentes de insetos,populações vulneráveis

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