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      Clinical determinants of increased left ventricular mass on echocardiogram in medically treated Afro-Caribbean hypertensive patients Translated title: Determinantes clínicas del aumento de la masa ventricular izquierda en los ecocardiogramas de pacientes hipertensos afro-caribeños bajo tratamiento médico

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      West Indian Medical Journal
      The University of the West Indies

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          Abstract

          Increased left ventricular mass (LVM) on echocardiogram is an independent risk factor for cardiac complications from hypertension. It is associated with a four-fold increase in untoward cardiac events when present. Data were reviewed for 100 treated hypertensive Afro-Caribbean patients, aged 29 to 65 years, recruited from village health clinics. Age, gender, height, weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, echocardiogram (ECHO) and drug history were recorded for each patient. The best single predictor of increased LVM was blood pressure with systolic (163 vs 152 mmHg, p < 0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (105 vs 98, p < 0.01) being significantly higher in patients with increased LVM. Systolic blood pressure over 150 mmHg was associated with increased LVM in 64% vs 44% below 150 mmHg (p < 0.10). Diastolic blood pressure over 95 mmHg was associated with increased LVM in 63% vs 36% below 95 mmHg (p < 0.02). BMI showed a trend (31.1 vs 29.7 kg/m², p < 0.20) toward higher values in patients with increased LVM. BMI above 28 kg/m² was associated with increased LVM in 61% vs 44% below that value (p < 0.15). Females more than males had increased LVM (61% vs 44%, p = 0.30) possibly due to higher BMI (31 vs 29.4 kg/m²) and higher systolic blood pressure (160 vs 155 mmHg). Age (48.3 vs 46.5 years, p = 0.30) and years of hypertension (8.6 vs 7.3 years, p = 0.33) were not significantly different between the two groups. Drug treatment was reported in 90% (69% mono-therapy, 27% > one drug, 4% > 2 drugs) and no drug was associated with significant difference in LVM compared to others. Only 15% of treated hypertensive patients had systolic blood pressure below 140 mmHg and 8% had diastolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg. The major determinant of increased LVM in this group of Afro-Caribbean hypertensive patients appears to be poorly controlled hypertension with obesity being a possible contributing factor.

          Translated abstract

          El aumento de la masa ventricular izquierda (MVI) en los ecocardiogramas es un factor de riesgo independiente en las complicaciones cardíacas de la hipertensión. Se haya asociado con el aumento cuádruple en eventos cardíacos adversos cuando está presente. Se revisaron datos de 100 pacientes afro-caribeños hipertensos, de 29 a 65 años de edad, reclutados de clínicas de salud de diferentes pueblos. Para cada paciente, se registró la edad, el género, la altura, el peso, la presión sanguínea sistólica y diastólica, los ecocardiogramas (ECHO), y la historia de los medicamentos. El mejor predictor simple del aumento de la MVI fue la presión sanguínea, siendo la presión sanguínea sistólica (163 versus 152 mmHg, p < 0.01) y la diastólica (105 versus 98, p < 0.01) significativamente más alta en los pacientes con MVI aumentada. La presión sanguínea sistólica por encima de los 250 mmHg estuvo asociada con el aumento de la MVI en 64% versus 44% por debajo de los 150 mmHg (p < 0.10). La presión sanguínea diastólica por encima de 95 mmHg estuvo asociada con el aumento de MVI en 63% versus 36% por debajo de 95 mmHg (p < 0.02). El IMC mostró una tendencia (31.1 versus 29.7 kg/m², p < 0.20) hacia valores más altos en pacientes con aumento de MVI. El IMC por encima de 28 kg/m² estuvo asociado con el aumento de MVI en 61% versus 44% por debajo del valor (p < 0.15). El aumento de la MVI había sido mayor en las hembras que en los varones (61% versus 44%, p = 0.30), debido posiblemente a un IMC más alto (31 versus 29.4 kg/m²) y a una presión sanguínea sistólica más elevada (160 versus 155 mmHg). La edad (48.3 versus 46.5 años, p = 0.30) y los años de hipertensión (8.6 versus 7.3 años, p = 0.33) no mostraron diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos. El tratamiento con medicamento fue reportado en 90% (69% monoterapia, 27% > un medicamento, 4% > 2 medicamentos) y no se asoció ningún medicamento a diferencias significativas en la MVI en comparación con los otros. Sólo el 15% de los pacientes hipertensos tratados tuvo presión sanguínea sistólica por debajo 140 mmHg y 8% tuvo presión diastólica por debajo de 90 mmHg. Se halló que el determinante mayor del aumento de la MVI en este grupo de pacientes hipertensos afrocaribeños, es la hipertensión controlada pobremente, siendo la obesidad uno de los factores contribuyentes posibles.

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          The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report.

          "The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure" provides a new guideline for hypertension prevention and management. The following are the key messages(1) In persons older than 50 years, systolic blood pressure (BP) of more than 140 mm Hg is a much more important cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor than diastolic BP; (2) The risk of CVD, beginning at 115/75 mm Hg, doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg; individuals who are normotensive at 55 years of age have a 90% lifetime risk for developing hypertension; (3) Individuals with a systolic BP of 120 to 139 mm Hg or a diastolic BP of 80 to 89 mm Hg should be considered as prehypertensive and require health-promoting lifestyle modifications to prevent CVD; (4) Thiazide-type diuretics should be used in drug treatment for most patients with uncomplicated hypertension, either alone or combined with drugs from other classes. Certain high-risk conditions are compelling indications for the initial use of other antihypertensive drug classes (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers); (5) Most patients with hypertension will require 2 or more antihypertensive medications to achieve goal BP (<140/90 mm Hg, or <130/80 mm Hg for patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease); (6) If BP is more than 20/10 mm Hg above goal BP, consideration should be given to initiating therapy with 2 agents, 1 of which usually should be a thiazide-type diuretic; and (7) The most effective therapy prescribed by the most careful clinician will control hypertension only if patients are motivated. Motivation improves when patients have positive experiences with and trust in the clinician. Empathy builds trust and is a potent motivator. Finally, in presenting these guidelines, the committee recognizes that the responsible physician's judgment remains paramount.
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            Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: comparison to necropsy findings.

            To determine the accuracy of echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) dimension and mass measurements for detection and quantification of LV hypertrophy, results of blindly read antemortem echocardiograms were compared with LV mass measurements made at necropsy in 55 patients. LV mass was calculated using M-mode LV measurements by Penn and American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) conventions and cube function and volume correction formulas in 52 patients. Penn-cube LV mass correlated closely with necropsy LV mass (r = 0.92, p less than 0.001) and overestimated it by only 6%; sensitivity in 18 patients with LV hypertrophy (necropsy LV mass more than 215 g) was 100% (18 of 18 patients) and specificity was 86% (29 of 34 patients). ASE-cube LV mass correlated similarly to necropsy LV mass (r = 0.90, p less than 0.001), but systematically overestimated it (by a mean of 25%); the overestimation could be corrected by the equation: LV mass = 0.80 (ASE-cube LV mass) + 0.6 g. Use of ASE measurements in the volume correction formula systematically underestimated necropsy LV mass (by a mean of 30%). In a subset of 9 patients, 3 of whom had technically inadequate M-mode echocardiograms, 2-dimensional echocardiographic (echo) LV mass by 2 methods was also significantly related to necropsy LV mass (r = 0.68, p less than 0.05 and r = 0.82, p less than 0.01). Among other indexes of LV anatomy, only measurement of myocardial cross-sectional area was acceptably accurate for quantitation of LV mass (r = 0.80, p less than 0.001) or diagnosis of LV hypertrophy (sensitivity = 72%, specificity = 94%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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              The heart in hypertension.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                wimj
                West Indian Medical Journal
                West Indian med. j.
                The University of the West Indies (Mona, , Jamaica )
                0043-3144
                2309-5830
                September 2008
                : 57
                : 4
                : 337-341
                Affiliations
                [03] St John's orgnameAmerican University orgdiv1Antigua College of Medicine Antigua
                [01] St John's orgnameHolberton Hospital orgdiv1The Cardiology Service Antigua
                [02] St John's orgnameBelmont Clinic orgdiv1Antigua Heart Centre Antigua
                Article
                S0043-31442008000400005
                b2a6f7ff-c53e-4b4e-9082-6d3d2efe25ea

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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