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      Trial Watch: Oncolytic viro-immunotherapy of hematologic and solid tumors

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          Abstract

          <p id="d6965775e746">Oncolytic viruses selectively target and kill cancer cells in an immunogenic fashion, thus supporting the establishment of therapeutically relevant tumor-specific immune responses. In 2015, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the oncolytic herpes simplex virus T-VEC for use in advanced melanoma patients. Since then, a plethora of trials has been initiated to assess the safety and efficacy of multiple oncolytic viruses in patients affected with various malignancies. Here, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical progress in the field of oncolytic virotherapy. </p>

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          Most cited references303

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          VSV strains with defects in their ability to shutdown innate immunity are potent systemic anti-cancer agents.

          Ideally, an oncolytic virus will replicate preferentially in malignant cells, have the ability to treat disseminated metastases, and ultimately be cleared by the patient. Here we present evidence that the attenuated vesicular stomatitis strains, AV1 and AV2, embody all of these traits. We uncover the mechanism by which these mutants are selectively attenuated in interferon-responsive cells while remaining highly lytic in 80% of human tumor cell lines tested. AV1 and AV2 were tested in a xenograft model of human ovarian cancer and in an immune competent mouse model of metastatic colon cancer. While highly attenuated for growth in normal mice, both AV1 and AV2 effected complete and durable cures in the majority of treated animals when delivered systemically.
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            Talimogene Laherparepvec in Combination With Ipilimumab in Previously Untreated, Unresectable Stage IIIB-IV Melanoma.

            Combining immunotherapeutic agents with different mechanisms of action may enhance efficacy. We describe the safety and efficacy of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC; an oncolytic virus) in combination with ipilimumab (a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 checkpoint inhibitor) in patients with advanced melanoma.
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              Is Open Access

              Rational combination of oncolytic vaccinia virus and PD-L1 blockade works synergistically to enhance therapeutic efficacy

              Both anti-PD1/PD-L1 therapy and oncolytic virotherapy have demonstrated promise, yet have exhibited efficacy in only a small fraction of cancer patients. Here we hypothesized that an oncolytic poxvirus would attract T cells into the tumour, and induce PD-L1 expression in cancer and immune cells, leading to more susceptible targets for anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy. Our results demonstrate in colon and ovarian cancer models that an oncolytic vaccinia virus attracts effector T cells and induces PD-L1 expression on both cancer and immune cells in the tumour. The dual therapy reduces PD-L1+ cells and facilitates non-redundant tumour infiltration of effector CD8+, CD4+ T cells, with increased IFN-γ, ICOS, granzyme B and perforin expression. Furthermore, the treatment reduces the virus-induced PD-L1+ DC, MDSC, TAM and Treg, as well as co-inhibitory molecules-double-positive, severely exhausted PD-1+CD8+ T cells, leading to reduced tumour burden and improved survival. This combinatorial therapy may be applicable to a much wider population of cancer patients.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                OncoImmunology
                OncoImmunology
                Informa UK Limited
                2162-402X
                September 07 2018
                December 02 2018
                August 27 2018
                December 02 2018
                : 7
                : 12
                : e1503032
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
                [2 ] INSERM, Paris, France
                [3 ] Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
                [4 ] Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
                [5 ] Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
                [6 ] McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
                [7 ] Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
                [8 ] Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
                [9 ] Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
                [10 ] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, NS, Canada
                [11 ] Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, NS, Canada
                [12 ] Centre for Innovative and Collaborative Health Sciences Research, Quality and System Performance, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
                [13 ] Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
                [14 ] Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
                [15 ] INSERM, Villejuif, France
                [16 ] Transgene S.A., Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
                [17 ] Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic
                [18 ] Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
                [19 ] Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
                [20 ] Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
                Article
                10.1080/2162402X.2018.1503032
                6279343
                30524901
                b2201030-0481-42de-8b31-acbba7d05d2c
                © 2018
                History

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