Der aktuelle Kenntnisstand über Erkrankungsrisiken durch psychische Arbeitsbelastungen : Ein systematisches Review über Metaanalysen und Reviews

Abstract

Gefährdungsbeurteilungen psychischer Belastungen erfordern Kenntnisse darüber, welche Arbeitsbelastungen potentiell gesundheitsgefährdend sind. Daher erfolgte eine systematische Suche (PubMed, PsycInfo, PSYNDEX, Web of Science) nach Metaanalysen und systematischen Reviews zum Zusammenhang von Arbeitsbelastungen und Erkrankungen. Suchkriterien für Belastungen waren: work intensity, job demand, job control, job strain, iso-strain, cognitive demands, effort, reward, effort/reward-imbalance, completeness, variety, repetitiveness, emotional labour, working hours, overtime, shift work, social stressors, social support, role stress, bullying and job insecurity; für Erkrankungen: Depression, Angst, Panik, kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen, Typ-2-Diabetes. Die Auswertung von 54 Publikationen ergab, dass hohe Arbeitsintensität, geringer Handlungsspielraum, Job Strain, Effort-Reward-Imbalance, Überstunden, lange Arbeitszeiten, bestimmte Formen von Schichtarbeit, geringe soziale Unterstützung, Rollenstress, Bullying und Arbeitsplatzunsicherheit als potentiell gesundheitsgefährdend einzuschätzen und daher (neben hier nicht untersuchten Arbeitsbelastungen) bei Gefährdungsbeurteilungen berücksichtigt werden sollten.

Current Status of Knowledge About Health Risk From Mental Workload: Evidence Based on a Systematic Review of Reviews

A healthy job design presupposes knowledge about the potential risks of workload. Therefore, this study assessed meta-analyses and systematic reviews addressing the risk of mental as well as somatic illness relative to psychosocial work factors. Meta-analyses and systematic reviews were identified by a systematic search of PubMed, PsycINFO, PSYNDEX, and Web of Science databases. Psychosocial work factors included the following: work intensity, job demand, job control, job strain, iso-strain, effort, reward, effort/reward imbalance, completeness, variety, cognitive demands, repetitiveness, emotional labor, working hours, overtime, shift work, social stressors, social support, role stress, bullying, and job insecurity. Mental and somatic diseases were depression, anxiety, panic, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes. Fifty-four studies met the search criteria and were included in our review. High job demand, low job control, high job strain, effort/reward imbalance, working hours, overtime, shift work, low social support, role stress, bullying, and job insecurity were identified as risk factors for the occurrence of mental and somatic diseases. Assessment of work should include psychosocial work factors for which risk of diseases is known. There is extensive empirically supported knowledge about the potential health risk of different workloads.