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      Toxoplasmosis cerebral durante la infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana

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          Abstract

          Se señala que alrededor de un tercio de los pacientes con infecciones por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana presentan complicaciones nerviosas que provocan considerable morbilidad y mortalidad y que las principales manifestaciones neurológicas dependen de la infección primaria por ese virus, por infecciones oportunistas secundarias o por complicaciones de la terapia antirretroviral. Cualquier sitio del sistema nervioso, ya sea central, periférico e incluso muscular, puede ser afectado durante la infección por el VIH. La encefalitis por toxoplasma, generalmente, resulta de la reactivación de una infección endógena. Los felinos, en particular los gatos, son huéspedes definitivos; el ser humano es un hospedero accidental, capaz de controlar la infección en condiciones de inmunidad normal. El toxoplasma infecta difusamente a todo el sistema nervioso central desde las etapas iniciales. La neurotoxoplasmosis junto con la encefalopatía, es una de las formas más frecuentes de compromiso cerebral, sobre todo con clínica de disfunción focal en pacientes infectados por el VIH. El pronóstico y la supervivencia de estos pacientes dependen del diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno y eficaz. El diagnóstico presuntivo de encefalitis toxoplásmica se basa en la tríada de: serología positiva al toxoplasma, radiografía característica y buena respuesta al tratamiento empírico antitoxoplásmico. Aunque raramente necesario, el diagnóstico definitivo se realiza por la presencia demostrada del TG en la muestra de biopsia o en el aspirado de la lesión. En la infección aguda se recomienda el uso combinado de pirimetamina (daraprín), sulfadiacina y ácido fólico. Se ha propuesto el uso de por vida de la pirimetamina en dosis de mantenimiento.

          Translated abstract

          It is stressed that about one third of the patients with HIV infections have nervous complications that cause considerable morbidity and mortality and that the main neurological manifestations depend on the primary infection due to this virus, to secondary opportunistic infections or to complications of the antiretroviral therapy. Any site of the nervous system, be central, peripheral or muscular may be affected during HIV infection. Generally, toxoplasmic encephalitis results from the reactivation of an endogenous infection. Felines, specially cats, are definitive hosts; the human beign is an accidental host capable of controlling the infection under normal immunity conditions. The toxoplasm infects all the central nervous system difussely from the initial stages. Neurotoxoplasmosis together with encephalopathy are some of the most common forms of brain compromise, mainly with clinic of focal dysfunction in HIV-infected patients. The prognosis and survival of these patients depend on the diagnosis and on a timely and efficient treatment. The presumptive diagnosis of toxoplasmic encephalitis is based on the triad of positive toxoplasma serology, characteristic radiography and good response to antitoxoplasmic empiric treatment. Although rarely necessary, the definitive diagnosis is based on the proved presence of TG in the biopsy specimen or in the injury aspirate. In the acute infection, it is recommended the combined use of pyrimethamine (daraprim), sulfadiazine and folic acid. The use of pyrimethamine at maintenance doses has been proposed for life.

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          Most cited references41

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                med
                Revista Cubana de Medicina
                Rev cubana med
                ECIMED (Ciudad de la Habana )
                1561-302X
                October 2002
                : 41
                : 5
                : 297-302
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Policlínico Docente Héroes del Moncada Cuba
                [2 ] Policlínico Manduley
                [3 ] Hospital Ginecoobstétrico América Arias Cuba
                Article
                S0034-75232002000500010
                b08f640e-1a81-4d35-a437-c98174aef575

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Self URI (journal page): http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0034-7523&lng=en
                Categories
                MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL
                MEDICINE, LEGAL
                MEDICINE, RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTAL

                Social law,Medicine,Internal medicine
                ACIDO FOLICO,AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS,INFECCIONES OPORTUNISTAS RELACIONADAS CON VIH,PIRIMETADINA,SULFADIACINA,TOXOPLASMOSIS, CEREBRAL,ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME,HIV,PYRIMETHAMINE,SULFADIAZINE,FOLIC ACID,TOXOPLASMOSIS CEREBRAL,SINDROME DE INMUNODEFICIENCIA ADQUIRIDA,VIH

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