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      Clínica neurológica en pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en un país de África Translated title: Neurological clinic in HIV patients in an African country

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          Abstract

          Los casos de SIDA a menudo se acompañan de trastornos neuropsiquiátricos. Realizamos un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los pacientes ingresados por esta causa en el Hospital Central de Beira, Mozambique, en el período comprendido desde el primero de enero de 1998 hasta el 30 de junio de 1999, que incluyó investigación serológica para establecer la presencia de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. No se contaba con los antirretrovirales aplicados en el tratamiento de estos enfermos, solo se aplicaron medidas de sostén, sobre todo, para la afectación neurológica, por lo que los casos considerados como SIDA estaban sujetos a la evolución natural de la enfermedad. De los 210 sujetos con afecciones neurológicas con posibilidades diagnósticas de contaminación por el virus, 134 (63,8 %) fueron seropositivos con un significativo predominio masculino, 91 (67,9 %). La cefalea, el vértigo y las parestesias fueron las quejas más frecuentes para ambos grupos de estudio. La letalidad general en los pacientes con disfunción neurológica seropositivos fue de 46,2 %. Del total de la muestra de 134 pacientes seropositivos fallecieron, en menos de las 2 primeras semanas del ingreso, 38 (28,3 % de letalidad). Se corroboró que en esta etapa del SIDA con trastornos neurológicos, sobre todo, en sujetos no tratados con antirretrovirales, el pronóstico es muy malo.

          Translated abstract

          The AIDS cases are often accompanied with neuropsychiatric disorders. A descriptive and retrospective study was conducted among the patients admitted due to this reason at the Central Hospital of Beira, Mozambique from January 1, 1998 to June 30, 1999. A serological investigation was included to determine the presence of HIV infection. The antiretrovirals were not applied in the treatment of these patients. Only the sustenance measures were taken mainly for the neurological affection. Therefore, the cases considered as AIDS were subjected to the normal evolution of the disease. Of the 210 patients suffering from neurological affections with diagnostic possibilities of contamination because of the virus, 134 (63.8) were seropositive. A significant predominance of males (91, 67.9 %) was observed. Headache, vertigo and paresthesias were the most frequent complaints in both study groups. General lethality in seropositive patients with neurological dysfunction was 46.2 % . Of the total of 134 patients included in the sample, 36 died in less than the first 2 weeks of admission, accounting for 28.3 % of lethality. It was confirmed that in this AIDS stage with neurological disorders, the prognosis is very bad, particularly, in individuals that have not been treated with antiretrovirals.

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          Depression, visual acuity, comorbidity, and disability associated with age-related macular degeneration.

          To examine (1) the prevalence of depressive disorders in community-dwelling adults with advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and (2) the relationship in this population between depression, visual acuity, the number of comorbid medical conditions, disability caused by vision loss as measured by the National Eye Institute-Vision Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ) and the vision-specific Sickness Impact Profile (SIPV), and disability caused by overall health status as measured by the Sickness Impact Profile-68 (SIP). Analysis of cross-sectional baseline data from a randomized clinical trial. Participants were 151 adults aged 60 and older (mean age, 80 years) with advanced macular degeneration whose vision was 20/60 or worse in their better eye. Subjects were interviewed using measures of depression, disability, and chronic medical conditions. Visual acuity was obtained. Nonparametric correlation analyses and linear regression analyses were performed. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-IV), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), NEI-VFQ, SIPV, and SIP. Of the participants, 32.5% (n = 49) met SCID-IV criteria for depressive disorder, twice the rate observed in previous studies of community-dwelling elderly. Over and above depression (GDS), visual acuity aided in prediction of the level of vision-specific disability (NEI-VFQ and SIPV). Depressive disorder is a significant problem for the elderly afflicted with advanced macular degeneration. Further research on psychopharmacologic and psychotherapeutic interventions for depressed AMD patients is warranted to improve depression and enhance functioning. Over and above depression, visual acuity aided in predicting vision-specific disability. Treatment strategies that teach patients to cope with vision loss should be developed and evaluated.
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            Attenuated central nervous system infection in advanced HIV/AIDS with combination antiretroviral therapy.

            Before the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (CART), neurological disease correlated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA. To investigate the relationships among HIV RNA levels, immune activation markers, and neurological status in patients receiving CART. Multicenter cohort study. Academic neurology departments. A total of 371 patients unselected for neurological complaints and with CD4 cell counts less than 200/microL or with cognitive symptoms and CD4 cell counts less than 300/microL were enrolled into the Northeastern AIDS Dementia cohort in 1998-2002. Diagnoses of HIV-associated dementia (HIV-D) and minor cognitive-motor disorder (MCMD) were obtained with a computerized algorithm. Plasma and CSF levels of HIV RNA, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor alpha were quantified. The mean +/- SD age was 41.5 +/- 7.2 years, and the mean +/- SD educational level was 12.3 +/- 2.2 years. Seventy percent of the cohort was black, and 30% were women. The mean +/- SD CD4 cell count was 136.8 +/- 87.9/microL, and CART was used in 71%. Twenty-nine percent of the patients were unimpaired (n = 106), 36% had MCMD (n = 133), and 35% had HIV-D (n = 128). Mean log(10) CSF HIV RNA copies per milliliter was 2.6 +/- 0.8, with no differences among the neurological groups, even after adjustments for baseline CD4 cell counts and antiretroviral therapy. Cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA was undetectable in 47% of unimpaired, 46% of MCMD, and 43% of HIV-D patients (P = .91). Plasma levels of monocyte chemotactic protein type 1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha correlated weakly with HIV RNA levels but did not distinguish those with neurological deficits. In contrast to observations in individuals not treated with CART, we found no relationship between CSF markers and neurological status in this CART-using cohort with advanced HIV/AIDS. This was not explicable by demographic differences or plasma virological control. CART may substantially attenuate the degree of central nervous system HIV infection and immune activation, and in CART users, CSF HIV RNA and immune activation markers may fail to discriminate milder degrees of HIV-D and MCMD.
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              Correlation of in vivo neuroimaging abnormalities with postmortem human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis and dendritic loss.

              In the absence of significant opportunistic infection, the most common alterations on neuroimaging in the brains of patients with AIDS include enlarged cerebrospinal fluid spaces, white-matter loss, volume loss in striatal structures, and white-matter signal abnormalities. Although previous studies have linked brain viral levels to these alterations, other neuropathological mechanisms might also contribute to them. To examine the relationship between findings on premortem magnetic resonance images and postmortem neuropathologic evidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalitis and neurodegeneration. Morphometric analysis of magnetic resonance imaging in seropositive cases with matched seronegative controls, and the correlation of these volumes to neuropathological measures in autopsied seropositive cases. University of California, San Diego, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center. Twenty-one seropositive subjects studied at autopsy and 19 seronegative cases. In vivo structural magnetic resonance imaging data analyzed by quantitative methods, with comparison of volumes from magnetic resonance imaging and neuropathological data from autopsies. The HIV-seropositive subjects demonstrated cerebrospinal fluid increases relative to seronegative controls. These increases were associated with a significant decrease in the volumes of cerebral and cerebellar white matter, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, and, to a lesser extent, cerebral cortex. The volume of cerebral white-matter tissue with elevated signal was also increased. This signal elevation in white matter predicted the autopsy diagnosis of HIV encephalitis, as well as the extent of dendritic loss as assessed by analysis of microtubule-associated protein 2 immunoreactivity. White-matter and cortical damage resulting from HIV disease are closely related. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging may be a valuable adjunct in the assessment of patients at risk for developing HIV encephalitis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                med
                Revista Cubana de Medicina
                Rev. Cuban de Med
                Centro Nacional de Información de Ciencias Médicas; Editorial Ciencias Médicas (Ciudad de la Habana, , Cuba )
                0034-7523
                1561-302X
                April 2005
                : 44
                : 1-2
                Affiliations
                [01] Ciudad de La Habana orgnameMINSAP Cuba pcasanov@ 123456infomed.sld.cu
                Article
                S0034-75232005000200005 S0034-7523(05)04400105
                a0913777-78a8-4d97-8058-fb1a1fb045a4

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 04 February 2005
                : 21 February 2005
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 0
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                SciELO Cuba

                Self URI: Texto completo solamente en formato PDF (ES)
                Categories
                INFORME

                trastornos neurológicos,Lethality,neurological disorders,human immunodeficiency virus,virus de inmunodeficiencia humana,Letalidad,SIDA

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