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      Teoría y praxis de los derechos ambientales en Argentina Translated title: Theory and praxis of environmental rights in Argentina

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          Abstract

          Nuevos derechos ambientales fueron introducidos en Argentina con la reforma constitucional de 1994. El reconocimiento constitucional de los derechos ambientales es un paso fundamental en el avance de la justicia y la ciudadanía ambientales. Pero no es suficiente. Los principios constitucionales deben traducirse en legislación y la legislación debe ser efectivamente aplicada. Mientras algunos autores se centran en los procedimientos administrativos y judiciales y en la participación institucionalizada en el proceso de toma de decisiones, este trabajo busca construir un enfoque emergente que ayude a analizar la aplicación de los derechos ambientales en Argentina desde una perspectiva más amplia que vaya más allá de los procedimientos y la participación institucionalizada y que también tome en cuenta el rol de la acción contenciosa o contienda ambiental. Argumento que tres modos de contienda ambiental convergen en la actualización de los derechos ambientales: el litigio judicial, la protesta social y la controversia experta. A la luz del desarrollo reciente de las movilizaciones y las políticas ambientales en Argentina, este trabajo discute cómo esos modos se manifiestan, se combinan entre sí y se conectan con la participación institucionalizada.

          Translated abstract

          New environmental rights were introduced in Argentina with the 1994 amendments to the 1853 national constitution. The constitutional recognition of environmental rights is a fundamental step in the advancement of environmental justice and citizenship. But it is not enough. Constitutional principles must be translated into enabling legislation and legislation must be effectively applied and enforced. While some authors focus on administrative and judicial enforcement procedures and institutionalized participation in decision-making, this work aims to build up an emergent framework that helps analyze the enforcement of environmental rights in Argentina from a broader perspective that goes beyond procedures and institutionalized participation and also takes into account the role of environmental contention. I argue that three modes of environmental contention combine in the actualization of environmental rights: judicial litigation, social protest, and expert controversy. In the light of the recent development of environmental mobilization and policies in Argentina, this article discusses how these modes manifest themselves and combine, and also how they connect to institutionalized participation.

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              Glyphosate-based herbicides produce teratogenic effects on vertebrates by impairing retinoic acid signaling.

              The broad spectrum herbicide glyphosate is widely used in agriculture worldwide. There has been ongoing controversy regarding the possible adverse effects of glyphosate on the environment and on human health. Reports of neural defects and craniofacial malformations from regions where glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) are used led us to undertake an embryological approach to explore the effects of low doses of glyphosate in development. Xenopus laevis embryos were incubated with 1/5000 dilutions of a commercial GBH. The treated embryos were highly abnormal with marked alterations in cephalic and neural crest development and shortening of the anterior-posterior (A-P) axis. Alterations on neural crest markers were later correlated with deformities in the cranial cartilages at tadpole stages. Embryos injected with pure glyphosate showed very similar phenotypes. Moreover, GBH produced similar effects in chicken embryos, showing a gradual loss of rhombomere domains, reduction of the optic vesicles, and microcephaly. This suggests that glyphosate itself was responsible for the phenotypes observed, rather than a surfactant or other component of the commercial formulation. A reporter gene assay revealed that GBH treatment increased endogenous retinoic acid (RA) activity in Xenopus embryos and cotreatment with a RA antagonist rescued the teratogenic effects of the GBH. Therefore, we conclude that the phenotypes produced by GBH are mainly a consequence of the increase of endogenous retinoid activity. This is consistent with the decrease of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling from the embryonic dorsal midline, with the inhibition of otx2 expression and with the disruption of cephalic neural crest development. The direct effect of glyphosate on early mechanisms of morphogenesis in vertebrate embryos opens concerns about the clinical findings from human offspring in populations exposed to GBH in agricultural fields.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                tede
                Temas y Debates
                Temas debates (En línea)
                Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales (Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina )
                1853-984X
                December 2015
                : 0
                : 30
                : 13-36
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameUniversidad Nacional de San Martín orgdiv1Escuela de Política y Gobierno
                [02] orgnameConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Argentina
                Article
                S1853-984X2015000200001
                af247a5d-e785-4d64-8eca-248790e42313

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 06 May 2014
                : 23 February 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 51, Pages: 24
                Product

                SciELO Argentina


                Derechos ambientales,Participación,Ambientalismo,Políticas ambientales,Environmental rights,Participation,Environmentalism,Environmental policies

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