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      Combining Retrieval Practice and Generative Learning in Educational Contexts : Promises and Challenges

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          Abstract

          Abstract. Engaging learners in practicing the retrieval of learned information fosters the consolidation of learners’ mental representations and hence long-term retention. Retrieval practice research has enriched the instructional design literature by providing a wealth of evidence for these benefits of retrieval-based learning and thus emphasizing the value of means to consolidate knowledge. The present article makes the case that a fruitful next step could be to focus on the interplay between retrieval practice and generative activities. Rather than consolidating mental representations, generative activities should have as their main function the construction of coherent mental representations. Hence, from a theoretical perspective, generative activities and retrieval practice should functionally complement each other; hence, combinations of both activities might be particularly suitable to promote lasting learning. Given the challenge to beneficially combine these activities, we discuss open questions that could substantially advance both the retrieval practice and the generative learning field.

          Die Kombination von Abrufübungen und generativem Lernen in Bildungskontexten. Chancen und Herausforderungen

          Zusammenfassung. Das Üben des Abrufs von zuvor gelernten Informationen aus dem Gedächtnis fördert die Konsolidierung mentaler Repräsentationen und damit das langfristige Behalten. Durch eine Fülle an Belegen für diese Vorteile des abrufbasierten Lernens und die Betonung des Wertes von Maßnahmen zur Konsolidierung von Wissen, hat die Forschung zu Abrufübungen die Instruktionsdesignforschung deutlich bereichert. In dem vorliegenden Artikel argumentieren wir, dass ein sinnvoller nächster Schritt darin bestehen könnte, das Zusammenspiel zwischen Abrufübungen und generativen Lernaktivitäten zu untersuchen. Anstatt mentale Repräsentationen zu konsolidieren, besteht die Hauptfunktion von generativen Lernaktivitäten im Aufbau kohärenter mentaler Repräsentationen. Aus theoretischer Sicht sollten sich also generative Aktivitäten und Abrufübungen funktional ergänzen, so dass Kombinationen beider Arten von Aktivitäten besonders geeignet sein könnten, um nachhaltiges Lernen zu fördern. Angesichts der Herausforderung, diese Aktivitäten sinnvoll zu kombinieren, diskutieren wir offene Fragen, die sowohl die Forschung zu Abrufübungen als auch das Feld des generativen Lernens wesentlich voranbringen könnten.

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          Most cited references62

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          Test-enhanced learning: taking memory tests improves long-term retention.

          Taking a memory test not only assesses what one knows, but also enhances later retention, a phenomenon known as the testing effect. We studied this effect with educationally relevant materials and investigated whether testing facilitates learning only because tests offer an opportunity to restudy material. In two experiments, students studied prose passages and took one or three immediate free-recall tests, without feedback, or restudied the material the same number of times as the students who received tests. Students then took a final retention test 5 min, 2 days, or 1 week later. When the final test was given after 5 min, repeated studying improved recall relative to repeated testing. However, on the delayed tests, prior testing produced substantially greater retention than studying, even though repeated studying increased students' confidence in their ability to remember the material. Testing is a powerful means of improving learning, not just assessing it.
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            Levels of processing: A framework for memory research

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              The effect of testing versus restudy on retention: a meta-analytic review of the testing effect.

              Engaging in a test over previously studied information can serve as a potent learning event, a phenomenon referred to as the testing effect. Despite a surge of research in the past decade, existing theories have not yet provided a cohesive account of testing phenomena. The present study uses meta-analysis to examine the effects of testing versus restudy on retention. Key results indicate support for the role of effortful processing as a contributor to the testing effect, with initial recall tests yielding larger testing benefits than recognition tests. Limited support was found for existing theoretical accounts attributing the testing effect to enhanced semantic elaboration, indicating that consideration of alternative mechanisms is warranted in explaining testing effects. Future theoretical accounts of the testing effect may benefit from consideration of episodic and contextually derived contributions to retention resulting from memory retrieval. Additionally, the bifurcation model of the testing effect is considered as a viable framework from which to characterize the patterns of results present across the literature. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                zep
                Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie
                Hogrefe Verlag, Göttingen
                0049-8637
                2190-6262
                October 2022
                : 54
                : 4 , Special Issue: Promoting Lasting Learning by Enhancing Desirable Difficulties With Meaningful Processing
                : 142-150
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Faculty of Philosophy and Educational Research, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
                [ 2 ]Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Passau, Germany
                [ 3 ]Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Germany
                [ 4 ]Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Tübingen, Germany
                [ 5 ]Department of Physics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
                [ 6 ]Department of Psychology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
                [ 7 ]Faculty of Educational Sciences, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
                [ 8 ]Department of Psychology, University of Kassel, Germany
                [ 9 ]Department of Educational Sciences, University of Potsdam, Germany
                [ 10 ]School of Social Sciences and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Germany
                Author notes
                Prof. Dr. Julian Roelle, Faculty of Philosophy and Educational Research, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany, julian.roelle@ 123456ruhr-uni-bochum.de
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9581-9120
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8661-3072
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3334-4064
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5866-7164
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6522-7084
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7971-0619
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6403-3467
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5308-9094
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2568-0925
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9397-7544
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0915-2516
                Article
                zep_54_4_142
                10.1026/0049-8637/a000261
                aebffedd-b90a-4de6-a191-4c1d45b1bf45
                Distributed as a Hogrefe OpenMind article under the license CC BY-NC 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0)

                Distributed as a Hogrefe OpenMind article under the license CC BY-NC 4.0 ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0)

                History
                Funding
                Funding: This article is the product of a collaboration of the authors within the research unit “Lasting Learning: Cognitive Mechanisms and Effective Instructional Implementation” (FOR 5254), funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) (project no. 450142163; grants AU 155/12 – 1, LA 4009/2 – 1, RE 1040/20 – 1, RO 5012/7 – 1, RU 891/8 – 1, SCHW 1514/1 – 1). Open access publication enabled by the Ruhr University Bochum.
                Categories
                Original Article

                Psychology,Family & Child studies,Development studies,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Lernaktivitäten,retrieval practice,nachhaltiges Lernen,generatives Lernen,Abrufübungen,lasting learning,learning activities,generative learning

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