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      Sex Differences in Participation and Performance Trends in Time-Limited Ultramarathon Events

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          Abstract

          Aim: We aimed to analyze sex differences in time-limited ultramarathon participation, while also identifying trends in participation, age, and performance across different formats of events, from 1990 to 2020.

          Method: This is an exploratory study, using data obtained from the official event web pages. We downloaded information regarding the year of the event, athletes' year of birth, sex, race event, ranking, and mean running speed (km/h). The sex gap in participation was presented through equiplots. Regression models were fitted to analyze trends in participation, age, and performance, considering a 95% confidence interval.

          Results: A similar pattern of increase in participation and age was shown for athletes of both sexes until 2019. The sex gap remained, displaying different patterns across race events. A general trend of slower mean running speeds was shown. The random-effects analysis showed that sex and age played significant roles in the performance trajectory across the years, in each race event.

          Conclusions: Apart from the 8-day race among females, there was a decline in the performance across all race durations. Despite the trend of performance decline, future studies need to address the relevance of this decline in both theoretical and practical terms.

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          Historical analysis of participation in 161 km ultramarathons in North America.

          Martin Hoffman, June Ong, Gary Wang (2010)
          Participation trends in 100 m (161 km) ultramarathon running competitions in North America were examined from race results from 1977 through 2008. A total of 32, 352 finishes accounted for by 9815 unique individuals were identified. The annual number of races and number of finishes increased exponentially over the study period. This growth in number of finishes occurred through a combination of (1) an increase in participation among runners >40 years of age from less than 40% of the finishes prior to the mid-1980s to 65-70% of the finishes since 1996, (2) a growth (p < 0.0001) in participation among women from virtually none in the late 1970s to nearly 20% since 2004, and (3) an increase in the average annual number of races completed by each individual to 1.3. While there has been considerable growth in participation, the 161 km ultramarathon continues to attract a relatively small number of participants compared with running races of shorter distances.
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            Inequality in physical activity, global trends by income inequality and gender in adults

            Chastin SFM, J. Van Cauwenberg, L. Maenhout … (2020)
            Background Physical inactivity is a global pandemic associated with a high burden of disease and premature mortality. There is also a trend in growing economic inequalities which impacts population health. There is no global analysis of the relationship between income inequality and population levels of physical inactivity. Methods Two thousand sixteen World Health Organisation’s country level data about compliance with the 2010 global physical activity guidelines were analysed against country level income interquantile ratio data obtained from the World Bank, OECD and World Income Inequality Database. The analysis was stratified by country income (Low, Middle and High) according to the World Bank classification and gender. Multiple regression was used to quantify the association between physical activity and income inequality. Models were adjusted for GDP and percentage of GDP spent on health care for each country and out of pocket health care spent. Results Significantly higher levels of inactivity and a wider gap between the percentage of women and men meeting global physical activity guidelines were found in countries with higher income inequality in high and middle income countries irrespective of a country wealth and spend on health care. For example, in higher income countries, for each point increase in the interquantile ratio data, levels of inactivity in women were 3.73% (CI 0.89 6.57) higher, levels of inactivity in men were 2.04% (CI 0.08 4.15) higher and the gap in inactivity levels between women and men was 1.50% larger (CI 0.16 2.83). Similar relationships were found in middle income countries with lower effect sizes. These relationships were, however, not demonstrated in the low-income countries. Conclusions Economic inequalities, particularly in high- and middle- income countries might contribute to physical inactivity and might be an important factor to consider and address in order to combat the global inactivity pandemic and to achieve the World Health Organisation target for inactivity reduction. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12966-020-01039-x.
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              Linear Decrease in Athletic Performance During the Human Life Span

              Bergita Ganse, Urs Ganse, Julian Dahl … (2018)
              Master athletes maintain high physical activity levels and have better health than age-matched non-athletes. World records show accelerated declines after age 70 in swimming, long-distance running and sprint performance. However, less is known about age-related performance declines in the general master athlete population and whether decline rates differ between disciplines and genders. We interrogated a dataset including all track and field athletes of North Rhine from 2001 to 2014 to assess age-related changes in performance. 27,088 results of athletes between 11 and 89 years of age in 12 disciplines were analyzed by regression statistics. The analyses showed an accelerated decline beyond the age of 70 in sprint, middle- and long-distance running, while in throwing and jumping disciplines the performance continued a linear decline. Patterns of decline differed between men and women. The steepest declines were observed in javelin throw and 400 m (women), and in pole vault and 800 m (men). In conclusion, performance declines in aging depend more on the specific profile of requirements than previously assumed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Beat Knechtle:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2412-9103
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Transl Sports Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Transl Sports Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): TSMED
                Title: Translational Sports Medicine
                Publisher: Wiley
                ISSN (Electronic): 2573-8488
                Publication date Collection: 2024
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 December 2024
                Volume: 2024
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1129276
                Affiliations
                1Department of Physical Education, State University of Para, Belém, Pará, Brazil
                2Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
                3Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
                4School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
                5Ultra Sports Science Foundation, Pierre-Benite, France
                6Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Mette Hansen

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8030-7122
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2412-9103
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/tsm2/1129276
                PMC ID: 11685318
                PubMed ID: 39741913
                SO-VID: addf3753-35e9-4f50-b2d0-c6bbe2c9de0b
                Copyright © Copyright © 2024 Mabliny Thuany et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 28 July 2024
                Date accepted : 7 December 2024
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Keywords: age-related differences,endurance,exercise,performance,running,sex gap
                Data availability:
                Keywords: age-related differences, endurance, exercise, performance, running, sex gap

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