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      Contribution of the Unified Health Care System to mammography screening in Brazil, 2013* Translated title: Contribuição do Sistema Único de Saúde no rastreamento mamográfico no Brasil, 2013

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          Abstract

          Objective

          To estimate the coverage of opportunistic mammography screening performed via the Brazilian Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS, Unified Health Care System), at the state and regional level, in 2013.

          Materials and Methods

          This was an ecological study in which coverage was estimated by determining the ratio between the number of mammograms performed and the expected number of mammograms among the population of females between 50 and 69 years of age. The number of mammograms performed in the target population was obtained from the Outpatient Database of the Information Technology Department of the SUS. To calculate the expected number of mammograms, we considered 58.9% of the target population, the proportion that would be expected on the basis of the recommendations of the Brazilian National Cancer Institute.

          Results

          In 2013, the estimated national coverage of mammography screening via the SUS was 24.8%. The mammography rate ranged from 12.0% in the northern region to 31.3% in the southern region. When stratified by state, coverage was lowest in the state of Pará and highest in the state of Santa Catarina (7.5% and 35.7%, respectively).

          Conclusion

          The coverage of mammography screening performed via the SUS is low. There is a significant disparity among the Brazilian states (including the Federal District of Brasília) and among regions, being higher in the south/southeast and lower in the north/northeast.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo

          Estimar a cobertura mamográfica em rastreamento oportunista realizado pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Brasil, nas suas regiões e nas Unidades da Federação, no ano de 2013.

          Materiais e Métodos

          Estudo ecológico, em que a estimativa da cobertura foi a proporção entre o número de exames realizados e o número de exames esperados na população feminina na faixa etária de 50 a 69 anos. O número de exames realizados refere-se aos dados da produção mamográfica da população alvo, disponíveis no Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do Departamento de Informática do SUS. Para o cálculo do número de exames esperados considerou-se 58,9% da população alvo, tendo em vista as recomendações do Instituto Nacional de Câncer.

          Resultados

          A estimativa da cobertura mamográfica no rastreamento realizado pelo SUS no Brasil, em 2013, foi 24,8%. A prevalência de mamografias variou de 12,0% na Região Norte a 31,3% na Região Sul. Ao estratificar por Unidades da Federação, a menor cobertura foi no Pará (7,5%) e a maior cobertura foi em Santa Catarina (35,7%).

          Conclusão

          A cobertura mamográfica do SUS no Brasil é baixa. Existe uma desigualdade significativa entre as Unidades da Federação, sendo maior nas regiões Sul e Sudeste e menor nas regiões Norte e Nordeste do país.

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          Most cited references82

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          Twenty five year follow-up for breast cancer incidence and mortality of the Canadian National Breast Screening Study: randomised screening trial

          Objective To compare breast cancer incidence and mortality up to 25 years in women aged 40-59 who did or did not undergo mammography screening. Design Follow-up of randomised screening trial by centre coordinators, the study’s central office, and linkage to cancer registries and vital statistics databases. Setting 15 screening centres in six Canadian provinces,1980-85 (Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Alberta, and British Columbia). Participants 89 835 women, aged 40-59, randomly assigned to mammography (five annual mammography screens) or control (no mammography). Interventions Women aged 40-49 in the mammography arm and all women aged 50-59 in both arms received annual physical breast examinations. Women aged 40-49 in the control arm received a single examination followed by usual care in the community. Main outcome measure Deaths from breast cancer. Results During the five year screening period, 666 invasive breast cancers were diagnosed in the mammography arm (n=44 925 participants) and 524 in the controls (n=44 910), and of these, 180 women in the mammography arm and 171 women in the control arm died of breast cancer during the 25 year follow-up period. The overall hazard ratio for death from breast cancer diagnosed during the screening period associated with mammography was 1.05 (95% confidence interval 0.85 to 1.30). The findings for women aged 40-49 and 50-59 were almost identical. During the entire study period, 3250 women in the mammography arm and 3133 in the control arm had a diagnosis of breast cancer, and 500 and 505, respectively, died of breast cancer. Thus the cumulative mortality from breast cancer was similar between women in the mammography arm and in the control arm (hazard ratio 0.99, 95% confidence interval 0.88 to 1.12). After 15 years of follow-up a residual excess of 106 cancers was observed in the mammography arm, attributable to over-diagnosis. Conclusion Annual mammography in women aged 40-59 does not reduce mortality from breast cancer beyond that of physical examination or usual care when adjuvant therapy for breast cancer is freely available. Overall, 22% (106/484) of screen detected invasive breast cancers were over-diagnosed, representing one over-diagnosed breast cancer for every 424 women who received mammography screening in the trial.
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            Swedish two-county trial: impact of mammographic screening on breast cancer mortality during 3 decades.

            To estimate the long-term (29-year) effect of mammographic screening on breast cancer mortality in terms of both relative and absolute effects. This study was carried out under the auspices of the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. The board determined that, because randomization was at a community level and was to invitation to screening, informed verbal consent could be given by the participants when they attended the screening examination. A total of 133 065 women aged 40-74 years residing in two Swedish counties were randomized into a group invited to mammographic screening and a control group receiving usual care. Case status and cause of death were determined by the local trial end point committees and, independently, by an external committee. Mortality analysis was performed by using negative binomial regression. There was a highly significant reduction in breast cancer mortality in women invited to screening according to both local end point committee data (relative risk [RR] = 0.69; 95% confidence interval: 0.56, 0.84; P < .0001) and consensus data (RR = 0.73; 95% confidence interval: 0.59, 0.89; P = .002). At 29 years of follow-up, the number of women needed to undergo screening for 7 years to prevent one breast cancer death was 414 according to local data and 519 according to consensus data. Most prevented breast cancer deaths would have occurred (in the absence of screening) after the first 10 years of follow-up. Invitation to mammographic screening results in a highly significant decrease in breast cancer-specific mortality. Evaluation of the full impact of screening, in particular estimates of absolute benefit and number needed to screen, requires follow-up times exceeding 20 years because the observed number of breast cancer deaths prevented increases with increasing time of follow-up.
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              Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil - 1988

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Radiol Bras
                Radiol Bras
                rb
                Radiologia Brasileira
                Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem
                0100-3984
                1678-7099
                Sep-Oct 2016
                Sep-Oct 2016
                : 49
                : 5
                : 305-310
                Affiliations
                [1 ]PhD, Professor and Coordinator of the Breast Disease Program at the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
                [2 ]PhD, Psychologist, Member of the Goiânia Breast Disease Research Network and Breast Disease Program at the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
                [3 ]PhD, Senior Technologist for the Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear/Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares do Centro-Oeste, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
                [4 ]PhD, Medical Physicist, Consultant for the Ionizing Radiation Quality Control Sector of the Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
                [5 ]Graduate Student in Environmental Sciences at the Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
                [6 ]PhD, Professor at the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
                Author notes
                Mailing address: Dr. Ruffo Freitas-Junior. Programa de Mastologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Primeira Avenida, s/nº, Bloco BL II, Setor Universitário. Goiânia, GO, Brazil, 74605-020. E-mail: ruffojr@ 123456terra.com.br .
                Article
                10.1590/0100-3984.2014.0129
                5094819
                27818544
                acd0dc6f-4e04-48b3-86ca-be065bb5a5a7
                © Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 29 November 2014
                : 26 August 2015
                Categories
                Original Articles

                breast neoplasms/prevention & control,mass screening/statistics & numerical data,mammography/statistics & numerical data,health services/statistics & numerical data

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