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      Immunization of pregnant gilts with PRCV induces lactogenic immunity for protection of nursing piglets from challenge with TGEV

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          Abstract

          The level of passive protection against transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) was evaluated by experimentally infecting 12 pregnant gilts with different doses of porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) and challenging their litters at 4 days of age. An overall survival rate of 70% was found for piglets nursing the 12 PRCV-infected gilts, compared to a 16% survival rate for piglets of nine uninfected control gilts. Six of the PRCV-infected gilts had adequate levels of immunity to resist infection with TGEV following the challenge of their litters. These six completely immuned gilts also solidly protected their litters from TGEV as shown by a 96% piglet survival rate through weaning at 3 weeks of age. The results suggest that respiratory infection with PRCV induces a substantial degree of protective lactogenic immunity against TGEV.

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          Isolation of a porcine respiratory, non-enteric coronavirus related to transmissible gastroenteritis.

          P Callebaut, M Pensaert, J Vergote (1986)
          A porcine respiratory, non-enteric virus which is related to the coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) has been isolated in pigs and in cell culture. The isolate was designated TLM 83. It has become very widespread and enzootic among the swine population in Belgium and in other swine raising countries. It causes an infection of the lungs and appears to spread by aerogenic route. It does not replicate in the enteric tract. The experimental infection in conventional and gnotobiotic pigs in isolation remains subclinical. The infection, either experimental or in the field, results in the formation of antibodies which neutralise the classical enteric TGEV. Based on this relationship, this virus is assumed to be a new TGEV-related porcine respiratory coronavirus or TGEV itself which has totally lost its tropism for the enteric tract.
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            Genetic evolution and tropism of transmissible gastroenteritis coronaviruses

            Carlos Sanchez, Fátima Gebauer, Carlos Suñé … (1992)
            Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is an enteropathogenic coronavirus isolated for the first time in 1946. Nonenteropathogenic porcine respiratory coronaviruses (PRCVs) have been derived from TGEV. The genetic relationship among six European PRCVs and five coronaviruses of the TGEV antigenic cluster has been determined based on their RNA sequences. The S protein of six PRCVs have an identical deletion of 224 amino acids starting at position 21. The deleted area includes the antigenic sites C and B of TGEV S glycoprotein. Interestingly, two viruses (NEB72 and TOY56) with respiratory tropism have S proteins with a size similar to the enteric viruses. NEB72 and TOY56 viruses have in the S protein 2 and 15 specific amino acid differences with the enteric viruses. Four of the residues changed (aa 219 of NEB72 isolate and as 92, 94, and 218 of TOY56) are located within the deletion present in the PRCVs and may be involved in the receptor binding site (RBS) conferring enteric tropism to TGEVs. A second RBS used by the virus to infect ST cells might be located in a conserved area between sites A and D of the S glycoprotein, since monoclonal antibodies specific for these sites inhibit the binding of the virus to ST cells. An evolutionary tree relating 13 enteric and respiratory isolates has been proposed. According to this tree, a main virus lineage evolved from a recent progenitor virus which was circulating around 1941. From this, secondary lineages originated PUR46, NEB72, TOY56, MIL65, BR170, and the PRCVs, in this order. Least squares estimation of the origin of TGEV-related coronaviruses showed a significant constancy in the fixation of mutations with time, that is, the existence of a well-defined molecular clock. A mutation fixation rate of 7 ± 2 × 10−4 nucleotide substitutions per site and per year was calculated for TGEV-related viruses. This rate falls in the range reported for other RNA viruses. Point mutations and probably recombination events have occurred during TGEV evolution.
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              Porcine respiratory coronavirus differs from transmissible gastroenteritis virus by a few genomic deletions.

              Ana Cláudia M Duarte, D Rasschaert, H Laude (1990)
              The genome organization of porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), a newly recognized agent which has a close antigenic relationship to the enteropathogenic transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), was studied. Genomic RNA from cell-cultured PRCV (French isolate RM4) was used to produce cDNA clones covering the genomic 3' end to the start of the spike (S) glycoprotein gene (7519 nucleotides). Six open reading frames (ORFs) were identified that allowed the translation of three coronavirus structural proteins and three putative non-structural (NS) polypeptides, homologous to TGEV ORFs designated NS3-1, NS4 and NS7. Pairwise alignment of PRCV nucleotide and amino acid sequences with sequence data available for three TGEV strains revealed a 96% overall homology. However, the genome of PRCV exhibited two important distinctive features. The first was that the S gene lacked 672 nucleotides in the 5' region and encoded a truncated form of the S polypeptide, and secondly, the first NS ORF downstream of the S gene was predicted to be non-functional as a consequence of a double deletion. The significance of genomic deletions with respect to tissue tropism and evolution of coronaviruses is discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vet Microbiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vet. Microbiol
                Title: Veterinary Microbiology
                Publisher: Published by Elsevier B.V.
                ISSN (Print): 0378-1135
                ISSN (Electronic): 1873-2542
                Publication date PMC-release: 13 November 2002
                Publication date (Print): December 1993
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 November 2002
                Volume: 38
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 31-40
                Affiliations
                [a ]Virology Swine Research Unit National Animal Disease Center USDA, Agricultural Research Service Ames, IA, USA
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Correspondence to: R.D. Wesley Virology Swine Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 2300 Dayton Avenue, P.O. Box 70 Ames, IA 50010 USA.
                Article
                Publisher ID: 0378-1135(93)90073-G
                DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(93)90073-G
                PMC ID: 7117125
                PubMed ID: 8128601
                SO-VID: ab14695b-9b1a-4fb3-8c6e-67d78111c0cc
                Copyright © Copyright © 1993 Published by Elsevier B.V.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date accepted : 27 April 1993
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Keywords: transmissible gastroenteritis virus,porcine respiratory coronavirus,pig,immunity,vaccination
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Veterinary medicine
                Keywords: transmissible gastroenteritis virus, porcine respiratory coronavirus, pig, immunity, vaccination

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