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      Intergenerational Mobility in Relative Educational Attainment and Health-Related Behaviours

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          Abstract

          Research on intergenerational social mobility and health-related behaviours yields mixed findings. Depending on the direction of mobility and the type of mechanisms involved, we can expect positive or negative association between intergenerational mobility and health-related behaviours. Using data from a retrospective cohort study, conducted in more than 100 towns across Belarus, Hungary and Russia, we fit multilevel mixed-effects Poisson regressions with two measures of health-related behaviours: binge drinking and smoking. The main explanatory variable, intergenerational educational mobility is operationalised in terms of relative intergenerational educational trajectories based on the prevalence of specified qualifications in parental and offspring generations. In each country the associations between intergenerational educational mobility, binge drinking and smoking was examined with incidence rate ratios and predicted probabilities, using multiply imputed dataset for missing data and controlling for important confounders of health-related behaviours. We find that intergenerational mobility in relative educational attainment has varying association with binge drinking and smoking and the strength and direction of these effects depend on the country of analysis, the mode of mobility, the gender of respondents and the type of health-related behaviour. Along with accumulation and Falling from Grace hypotheses of the consequences of intergenerational mobility, our findings suggest that upward educational mobility in certain instances might be linked to improved health-related behaviours.

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          Maximally Maintained Inequality: Expansion, Reform, and Opportunity in Irish Education, 1921-75

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            The fading American dream: Trends in absolute income mobility since 1940

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              Intragenerational social mobility and functional somatic symptoms in a northern Swedish context: analyses of diagonal reference models

              Background Research indicate that social class mobility could be potentially important for health, but whether this is due to the movement itself or a result of people having been integrated in different class contexts is, to date, difficult to infer. In addition, although several theories suggest that transitions between classes in the social hierarchy can be stressful experiences, few studies have empirically examined whether such movements may have health effects, over and above the implications of “being” in these classes. In an attempt to investigate whether intragenerational social mobility is associated with functional somatic symptoms in mid-adulthood, the current study tests three partially contrasting theories. Method The dissociative theory suggests that mobility in general and upward mobility in particular may be linked to psychological distress, while the falling from grace theory indicates that downward mobility is especially stressful. In contrast, the acculturation theory holds that the health implications of social mobility is not due to the movement itself but attributed to the class contexts in which people find themselves. Diagonal Reference Models were used on a sample of 924 individuals who in 1981 graduated from 9th grade in the municipality of Luleå, Sweden. Social mobility was operationalized as change in occupational class between age 30 and 42 (measured in 1995 and 2007). The health outcome was functional somatic symptoms at age 42, defined as a clustering self-reported physical symptoms, palpitation and sleeping difficulties during the last 12 months. Results Overall mobility was not associated with higher levels of functional somatic symptoms compared to being immobile (p = 0.653). After controlling for prior and current class, sex, parental social position, general health, civil status, education and unemployment, the association between downward mobility was borderline significant (p = 0.055) while upward mobility was associated with lower levels of functional somatic symptoms (p = 0.03). Conclusion The current study did not find unanimous support for any of the theories. Nevertheless, it sheds light on the possibility that upward mobility may be beneficial to reduce stress-related health problems in mid-life over and above the exposure to prior and current class, while downward mobility can be of less importance for middle-age health complaints.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +44186570342 , alexi.gugushvili@spi.ox.ac.uk
                martin.mckee@lshtm.ac.uk
                m.murphy@lse.ac.uk
                aa872@cam.ac.uk
                di232@cam.ac.uk
                kd353@cam.ac.uk
                lk285@cam.ac.uk
                Journal
                Soc Indic Res
                Soc Indic Res
                Social Indicators Research
                Springer Netherlands (Dordrecht )
                0303-8300
                5 January 2018
                5 January 2018
                2019
                : 141
                : 1
                : 413-441
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8948, GRID grid.4991.5, Department of Social Policy and Intervention and Nuffield College, , University of Oxford, ; Barnett House, 32 Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2ER UK
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0425 469X, GRID grid.8991.9, European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition, , London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, ; London, UK
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0789 5319, GRID grid.13063.37, Department of Social Policy, , London School of Economics and Political Science, ; London, UK
                [4 ]ISNI 0000000121885934, GRID grid.5335.0, Department of Sociology, , University of Cambridge, ; Cambridge, UK
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3933-9111
                Article
                1834
                10.1007/s11205-017-1834-7
                6694039
                31467460
                a749dd7b-f5e2-4c70-ab53-824f8f203b7a
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 28 December 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000781, European Research Council;
                Award ID: 269036
                Award Recipient :
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                © Springer Nature B.V. 2019

                Public health
                relative intergenerational mobility,education,binge drinking,smoking,demographic cohort study

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