Lifestyle Habits and Mental Health in Light of the Two COVID-19 Pandemic Waves in Sweden, 2020

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Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has become a public health emergency of international concern, which may have affected lifestyle habits and mental health. Based on national health profile assessments, this study investigated perceived changes of lifestyle habits in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and associations between perceived lifestyle changes and mental health in Swedish working adults. Among 5599 individuals (50% women, 46.3 years), the majority reported no change (sitting 77%, daily physical activity 71%, exercise 69%, diet 87%, alcohol 90%, and smoking 97%) due to the pandemic. Changes were more pronounced during the first wave (April–June) compared to the second (October–December). Women, individuals <60 years, those with a university degree, white-collar workers, and those with unhealthy lifestyle habits at baseline had higher odds of changing lifestyle habits compared to their counterparts. Negative changes in lifestyle habits and more time in a mentally passive state sitting at home were associated with higher odds of mental ill-health (including health anxiety regarding one’s own and relatives’ health, generalized anxiety and depression symptoms, and concerns regarding employment and economy). The results emphasize the need to support healthy lifestyle habits to strengthen the resilience in vulnerable groups of individuals to future viral pandemics and prevent health inequalities in society.

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A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

Robert L Spitzer, Kurt Kroenke, Janet B W Williams … (2006)

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research.

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The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure.

K Kroenke, R L Spitzer, J. Williams (2001)

While considerable attention has focused on improving the detection of depression, assessment of severity is also important in guiding treatment decisions. Therefore, we examined the validity of a brief, new measure of depression severity. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a self-administered version of the PRIME-MD diagnostic instrument for common mental disorders. The PHQ-9 is the depression module, which scores each of the 9 DSM-IV criteria as "0" (not at all) to "3" (nearly every day). The PHQ-9 was completed by 6,000 patients in 8 primary care clinics and 7 obstetrics-gynecology clinics. Construct validity was assessed using the 20-item Short-Form General Health Survey, self-reported sick days and clinic visits, and symptom-related difficulty. Criterion validity was assessed against an independent structured mental health professional (MHP) interview in a sample of 580 patients. As PHQ-9 depression severity increased, there was a substantial decrease in functional status on all 6 SF-20 subscales. Also, symptom-related difficulty, sick days, and health care utilization increased. Using the MHP reinterview as the criterion standard, a PHQ-9 score > or =10 had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 88% for major depression. PHQ-9 scores of 5, 10, 15, and 20 represented mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression, respectively. Results were similar in the primary care and obstetrics-gynecology samples. In addition to making criteria-based diagnoses of depressive disorders, the PHQ-9 is also a reliable and valid measure of depression severity. These characteristics plus its brevity make the PHQ-9 a useful clinical and research tool.

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Welcome to the Tidyverse

Hadley Wickham, Mara Averick, Jennifer Bryan … (2019)

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Frank Eves: Role: Academic Editor

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Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Environ Res Public Health

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Environ Res Public Health

Journal ID (publisher-id): ijerph

Title: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Print): 1661-7827

ISSN (Electronic): 1660-4601

Publication date (Electronic): 23 March 2021

Publication date Collection: March 2021

Volume: 18

Issue: 6

Electronic Location Identifier: 3313

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, 114 33 Stockholm, Sweden; victoria.blom@ 123456gih.se (V.B.); bjorne@ 123456gih.se (B.E.); lena.kallings@ 123456gih.se (L.V.K.); daniel.vaisanen@ 123456gih.se (D.V.); erik.hemmingsson@ 123456gih.se (E.H.); orjan.ekblom@ 123456gih.se (Ö.E.); magnus.lindwall@ 123456gih.se (M.L.); jane.saliereriksson@ 123456gih.se (J.S.E.); tobias.holmlund@ 123456gih.se (T.H.); elin.ekblombak@ 123456gih.se (E.E.-B.)

[2 ]Functional Area Occupational Therapy & Physiotherapy, Allied Health Professionals Function, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Solna, Sweden

[3 ]Research Department, HPI Health Profile Institute, 182 53 Danderyd, Sweden; gunnar.andersson@ 123456hpihealth.se (G.A.); peter.wallin@ 123456hpihealth.se (P.W.)

[4 ]Department of Psychology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; andreas.stenling@ 123456umu.se

[5 ]Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway

[6 ]Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden

[7 ]Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Physiotherapy, Karolinska Institute, 141 83 Stockholm, Sweden

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: amanda.lonn@ 123456gih.se

Author information

Victoria Blom https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0079-124X

Lena V. Kallings https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3185-9702

Gunnar Andersson https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2818-779X

Article

Publisher ID: ijerph-18-03313

DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063313

PMC ID: 8005136

PubMed ID: 33806951

SO-VID: a6e0af41-f9ba-4ee9-b385-78defa9a5ceb

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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Lifestyle Habits and Mental Health in Light of the Two COVID-19 Pandemic Waves in Sweden, 2020

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Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

Most cited references 45

A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure.

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