Socioeconomic indicators and economic investments influence oral cancer mortality in Latin America

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Abstract

Background

It is necessary to recognize the influence of socioeconomic factors on oral cancer indicators in Latin American countries. This study aimed to analyze the influence of socioeconomic indicators and economical investments on oral cancer mortality rates in Latin American countries.

Methods

This cross-sectional study considered the age-standardized mortality rate (ASR) of oral cancer within the period 2000–2015. The oral cancer mortality rate (for both sexes and age groups 40–59 and 60 years old or more), socioeconomic aspects (Gini Inequality Index, unemployment rate and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita) and investments in different sectors (%GDP invested in health per capita and by the government, %GDP invested in education by the government and %GDP invested in research and development) were considered. Tweedie multivariate regression was used to estimate the effect of independent variables on the mortality rate of oral cancer, considering p < 0.05.

Results

This study showed that being male and aged 60 or over (PR = 14.7) was associated with higher mortality rate for oral cancer. In addition, greater inequality (PR = 1.05), higher health expenditure per capita (PR =1.09) and greater investment in research and development (PR = 1.81) were associated with a higher mortality rate from oral cancer.

Conclusion

Socioeconomic factors and economical investments influence the mortality rate of oral cancer in Latin American countries. This emphasizes oral cancer is a socioeconomic-mediated disease.

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Most cited references 28

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Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries

Ahmedin Jemal, Lindsey A Torre, Rebecca Siegel … (2018)

This article provides a status report on the global burden of cancer worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, with a focus on geographic variability across 20 world regions. There will be an estimated 18.1 million new cancer cases (17.0 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 9.6 million cancer deaths (9.5 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) in 2018. In both sexes combined, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (11.6% of the total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (18.4% of the total cancer deaths), closely followed by female breast cancer (11.6%), prostate cancer (7.1%), and colorectal cancer (6.1%) for incidence and colorectal cancer (9.2%), stomach cancer (8.2%), and liver cancer (8.2%) for mortality. Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among males, followed by prostate and colorectal cancer (for incidence) and liver and stomach cancer (for mortality). Among females, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, followed by colorectal and lung cancer (for incidence), and vice versa (for mortality); cervical cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality. The most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, however, substantially vary across countries and within each country depending on the degree of economic development and associated social and life style factors. It is noteworthy that high-quality cancer registry data, the basis for planning and implementing evidence-based cancer control programs, are not available in most low- and middle-income countries. The Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development is an international partnership that supports better estimation, as well as the collection and use of local data, to prioritize and evaluate national cancer control efforts. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2018;0:1-31. © 2018 American Cancer Society.

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Socioeconomic inequalities and oral cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies.

David I. Conway, Mark Petticrew, Helen Marlborough … (2008)

There is uncertainty and limited recognition of the relationship between socioeconomic inequalities and oral cancer. We aimed to quantitatively assess the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and oral cancer incidence risk. A systematic review of case-control studies obtained published and unpublished estimates of the SES risk related to oral cancer. Studies were included which reported odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% CIs of oral cancer with respect to SES, or if the estimates could be calculated or obtained. Meta-analyses were performed on subgroups: SES measure, age, sex, global region, development level, time-period and lifestyle factor adjustments; while sensitivity analyses were conducted based on study methodological issues. Forty-one studies provided 15,344 cases and 33,852 controls which met our inclusion criteria. Compared with individuals who were in high SES strata, the pooled ORs for the risk of developing oral cancer were 1.85 (95%CI 1.60, 2.15; n = 37 studies) for those with low educational attainment; 1.84 (1.47, 2.31; n = 14) for those with low occupational social class; and 2.41 (1.59, 3.65; n = 5) for those with low income. Subgroup analyses showed that low SES was significantly associated with increased oral cancer risk in high and lower income-countries, across the world, and remained when adjusting for potential behavioural confounders. Inequalities persist but are perhaps reducing over recent decades. Oral cancer risk associated with low SES is significant and comparable to lifestyle risk factors. Our results provide evidence to steer health policy which focus on lifestyles factors toward an integrated approach incorporating measures designed to tackle the root causes of disadvantage. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Causes of oral cancer--an appraisal of controversies.

S Warnakulasuriya (2009)

Major risk factors for oral cancer are cigarette smoking and alcohol misuse. Among Asian populations, regular use of betel quid (with or without added tobacco) increases oral cancer risks. Dentists should be aware of some emerging risk factors for oral, and particularly oropharyngeal cancer such as the role of the human papillomavirus infection (HPV). Decreases in risk could be achieved by encouraging high fruit and vegetable consumption. Some controversies related to the aetiology of this disease also need clarification. The objective of this paper is to provide an opinion on these debated controversies.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Aldelany Ramalho Freire:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8082-5883

aldelanyramalho@hotmail.com

Deborah Ellen Wanderley Gomes Freire:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7680-0387

ellenwg.d@gmail.com

Elza Cristina Farias de Araújo:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8303-8914

ecfaraujo@hotmail.com

Fernanda Campos de Almeida Carrer:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3745-2759

fernandacsa@usp.br

Gilberto Alfredo PuccaJúnior:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8781-9857

gilberto.puccajr@gmail.com

Simone Alves de Sousa:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3254-9036

simonealvess.sousa@gmail.com

Edson Hilan Gomes de Lucena:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3431-115X

ehglucena@gmail.com

Yuri Wanderley Cavalcanti:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3570-9904

yuri@ccs.ufpb.br

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Public Health

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Public Health

Title: BMC Public Health

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2458

Publication date (Electronic): 18 February 2021

Publication date PMC-release: 18 February 2021

Publication date Collection: 2021

Volume: 21

Electronic Location Identifier: 377

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.411216.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0397 5145, Clinicaland Social DentistryDepartment, DCOS/CCS/UFPB, , Federal University of Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, Campus I, ; João Pessoa, PB 58051-900 Brazil

[2 ]GRID grid.11899.38, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0722, Social Dentistry Department, , University of São Paulo, ; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes - FOUSP, São Paulo, SP 05508-000 Brazil

[3 ]GRID grid.7632.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2238 5157, Department of Dentistry, UnB, , Brasilia University, ; Brasília, DF 70297-400 Brazil

Author information

Aldelany Ramalho Freire https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8082-5883

Deborah Ellen Wanderley Gomes Freire https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7680-0387

Elza Cristina Farias de Araújo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8303-8914

Fernanda Campos de Almeida Carrer https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3745-2759

Gilberto Alfredo PuccaJúnior https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8781-9857

Simone Alves de Sousa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3254-9036

Edson Hilan Gomes de Lucena https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3431-115X

Yuri Wanderley Cavalcanti https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3570-9904

Article

Publisher ID: 10419

DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10419-2

PMC ID: 7890605

PubMed ID: 33602161

SO-VID: a6dab2f1-eb26-46f5-b4cb-d3523c1f18c0

License:

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

History

Date received : 17 November 2020

Date accepted : 9 February 2021

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health

Keywords: oral cancer,mortality,latin america,socioeconomic factors

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health

Keywords: oral cancer, mortality, latin america, socioeconomic factors

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Socioeconomic indicators and economic investments influence oral cancer mortality in Latin America

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Abstract

Background

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Conclusion

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Special issue: Revolution and Counterrevolution in Latin America: an Aleatory Dialectic

Most cited references 28

Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries

Socioeconomic inequalities and oral cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies.

Causes of oral cancer--an appraisal of controversies.

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