Utilidad del Doppler transcraneal en la resucitación de la parada cardíaca

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Abstract

Durante la resucitación cardiopulmonar y tras la recuperación de la circulación espontánea, una perfusión tisular efectiva determina el pronóstico final. La ultranosografía Doppler transcraneal (DTC) registra la velocidad y la pulsatilidad del flujo sanguíneo cerebral y permite realizar análisis hemodinámicos «latido a latido». Durante la resucitación cardiopulmonar la velocidad sistólica máxima alcanzada refleja la perfusión cerebral en cada compresión torácica. Tras la recuperación de la circulación espontánea, la persistencia después de 2h de un patrón arterial cerebral hipodinámico (baja velocidad media y alta pulsatilidad en la DTC) pronostica mala recuperación neurológica. La presencia, precoz o tardía, de un patrón de DTC hiperémico (alta velocidad media y baja pulsatilidad) se asocia a mal pronóstico por evolución a hipertensión intracraneal; su aparición durante la fase de recalentamiento debería llevar a reinstaurar la hipotermia terapéutica La coincidencia de arterias con patrones hipodinámicos con otras normales o hiperdinámicas indica focos de hipoperfusión que son predictores de ictus.

Translated abstract

An effective tissue perfusion has decisive influence on the final prognosis both during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and after recovery of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The transcranial Doppler ultranosography (TCD) examines the velocity and pulsatility of cerebral blood flow, making it possible to perform "beat to beat" hemodynamic analysis. During CPR, TCD peak systolic velocity reflects cerebral perfusion of the chest compressions. Beyond 2 hours after ROSC, persistence in the cerebral arteries of a hemodynamic TCD pattern (low velocities with high pulsatilities) predicts poor neurological prognosis. Early or delayed presence of a hyperemic TCD pattern (high velocities with low pulsatilities) is associated conclusively with evolution to intracranial hypertension and its appearance during the rewarming process should lead to immediate return to therapeutic hypothermia. The coincidence of hypodynamic cerebral arteries and others with normal or hyperemic TCD patterns may indicate the presence of focal hypoperfusion that could predict stroke after ROSC.

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Most cited references 93

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Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries.

R Aaslid, T Markwalder, H Nornes (1982)

In this report the authors describe a noninvasive transcranial method of determining the flow velocities in the basal cerebral arteries. Placement of the probe of a range-gated ultrasound Doppler instrument in the temporal area just above the zygomatic arch allowed the velocities in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) to be determined from the Doppler signals. The flow velocities in the proximal anterior (ACA) and posterior (PCA) cerebral arteries were also recorded at steady state and during test compression of the common carotid arteries. An investigation of 50 healthy subjects by this transcranial Doppler method revealed that the velocity in the MCA, ACA, and PCA was 62 +/- 12, 51 +/0 12, and 44 +/- 11 cm/sec, respectively. This method is of particular value for the detection of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage and for evaluating the cerebral circulation in occlusive disease of the carotid and vertebral arteries.

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First documented rhythm and clinical outcome from in-hospital cardiac arrest among children and adults.

Vinay Nadkarni, Gregory Luke Larkin, Mary Ann Peberdy … (2006)

Cardiac arrests in adults are often due to ventricular fibrillation (VF) or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT), which are associated with better outcomes than asystole or pulseless electrical activity (PEA). Cardiac arrests in children are typically asystole or PEA. To test the hypothesis that children have relatively fewer in-hospital cardiac arrests associated with VF or pulseless VT compared with adults and, therefore, worse survival outcomes. A prospective observational study from a multicenter registry (National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) of cardiac arrests in 253 US and Canadian hospitals between January 1, 2000, and March 30, 2004. A total of 36,902 adults (> or =18 years) and 880 children (<18 years) with pulseless cardiac arrests requiring chest compressions, defibrillation, or both were assessed. Cardiac arrests occurring in the delivery department, neonatal intensive care unit, and in the out-of-hospital setting were excluded. Survival to hospital discharge. The rate of survival to hospital discharge following pulseless cardiac arrest was higher in children than adults (27% [236/880] vs 18% [6485/36,902]; adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.95-2.68). Of these survivors, 65% (154/236) of children and 73% (4737/6485) of adults had good neurological outcome. The prevalence of VF or pulseless VT as the first documented pulseless rhythm was 14% (120/880) in children and 23% (8361/36,902) in adults (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.44-0.65; P<.001). The prevalence of asystole was 40% (350) in children and 35% (13 024) in adults (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.10-1.40; P = .006), whereas the prevalence of PEA was 24% (213) in children and 32% (11,963) in adults (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.57-0.78; P<.001). After adjustment for differences in preexisting conditions, interventions in place at time of arrest, witnessed and/or monitored status, time to defibrillation of VF or pulseless VT, intensive care unit location of arrest, and duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, only first documented pulseless arrest rhythm remained significantly associated with differential survival to discharge (24% [135/563] in children vs 11% [2719/24,987] in adults with asystole and PEA; adjusted OR, 2.73; 95% CI, 2.23-3.32). In this multicenter registry of in-hospital cardiac arrest, the first documented pulseless arrest rhythm was typically asystole or PEA in both children and adults. Because of better survival after asystole and PEA, children had better outcomes than adults despite fewer cardiac arrests due to VF or pulseless VT.

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Transcranial Doppler sonography pulsatility index (PI) reflects intracranial pressure (ICP).

Johan Bellner, Bertil Romner, Peter Reinstrup … (2004)

In patients with intracranial pathology, especially when comatose, it is desirable to have knowledge of the intracranial pressure (ICP). To investigate the relationship between ICP and transcranial Doppler (TCD) derived pulsatility index (PI) in neurosurgical patients, a prospective study was performed on patients admitted to our neurointensive care unit. Daily TCD mean flow velocity (mFV) measurements were made. TCD measurements were routinely performed bilaterally on the middle cerebral artery (MCA). PI (peak systolic-end diastolic velocities/mean flow velocity) was calculated. Eighty-one patients with various intracranial disorders who had an intraventricular catheter for registration of the ICP were investigated: 46 (57%) patients had subarachnoid hemorrhage, 21 (26%) patients had closed head injury, and 14 (18%) patients had other neurosurgical disorders. A total of 658 TCD measurements were made. ICP registrations were made parallel with all TCD measurements. A significant correlation (p 120 cm/s) and subnormal (<50 cm/s) TCD mFV values, the correlation coefficient between ICP and PI was 0.828 (p < 0.002) and 0.942 (p < 0.638), respectively. Independent of the type of intracranial pathology, a strong correlation between PI and ICP was demonstrated. Therefore, PI may be of guiding value in the invasive ICP placement decision in the neurointensive care patient.