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      ¿Es necesario utilizar relajantes musculares en infusión continua durante la anestesia en pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardíaca?

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN En cirugía cardíaca los relajantes musculares se seleccionan según su perfil farmacodinámico, farmacocinético y las características del paciente. Los más utilizados son los de duración prolongada. El objetivo es comparar la incidencia y duración del bloqueo residual con dos formas de administración de relajantes de duración intermedia: en bolo al inicio de la cirugía o en infusión, en pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardíaca con circulación extracorpórea. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, controlado, paralelo, aleatorizado y ciego. Se incluyeron 22 pacientes coordinados para revascularización miocárdica o sustitución valvular, o ambas. Los pacientes se aleatorizaron en dos grupos. El primer grupo recibió atracurio en una dosis única de 0,6 mg/kg por vía intravenosa (i/v) en la inducción de la anestesia. El segundo grupo recibió atracurio a una dosis de 0,6 mg/kg i/v en la inducción de la anestesia, seguido de perfusión a 0,4 mg/kg/h que se interrumpió al cierre del esternón. Se monitorizó la relajación neuromuscular desde la inducción anestésica y luego cada 15 minutos hasta alcanzar la reversión del bloqueo neuromuscular (T4/T1 > 0,9). El tiempo de recuperación neuromuscular fue más prolongado en el grupo de pacientes sometidos a infusión (90 versus 310 minutos, p < 0,05%). Todos los pacientes sometidos a infusión continua de atracurio presentaron bloqueo residual al final de la cirugía, no observándose ningún caso en el otro grupo. El uso de atracurio en bolo al inicio de la anestesia es una opción eficaz y segura en estos pacientes. Consideramos necesario replantear la utilización de relajantes en infusión continua en este tipo de cirugía.

          Translated abstract

          SUMMARY In cardiac surgery neuromuscular relaxants are selected according to their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile, and also by the patients´ characteristics. The most used are those of long-acting. The aim of this study is to compare the incidence and duration of neuromuscular residual blockade with intermediate-acting relaxants administrated in two different ways, at the beginning of surgery in bolus or in infusion, both in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation. A prospective, controlled, parallel, randomized and blind study was performed. Twenty-two patients coordinated for cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation for myocardic revascularization and/or valvular replacement were included. The patients were randomized in two groups. The first group received a single dose of 0,6 mg/kg i/v of atracurium at the induction of anaesthesia. The second group received in a dose of 0,6 mg/kg i/v of atracurium at the induction of anaesthesia, followed by a perfusion of 0,4 mg/kg/h until the sternum was closed. The neuromuscular relaxation was monitored from the induction of anaesthesia, and then every 15 minutes until the neuromuscular blockade reversion was achieved (T4/T1 > 0,9). The neuromuscular recuperation time was longer in the group of patients subject to the infusion protocol (90 vs 310 minutes, p: < 0.05%). All patients subject to atracurium continuous perfusion presented neuromuscular residual blockade at the end of surgery. In the other group no neuromuscular residual blockade was observed. Atracurium used in bolus at the beginning of the surgery is an effective and safe option in these patients. It is necessary to reconsider the use of neuromuscular relaxants in continuous perfusion in this surgery

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Em cirurgia cardíaca os relaxantes musculares são selecionados de acordo com o seu perfil farmacodinâmico, farmacocinético e as características do paciente. Os mais usados são os de duração prolongada. O objetivo é comparar a incidência e duração do bloqueio com duas formas de administração de relaxantes de duração intermediária, em bolus ao início da cirurgia ou em infusão, em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extracorpórea. Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo, controlado, paralelo, randomizado e cego. Foram incluídos 22 pacientes coordenados para revascularização do miocárdio e/ou substituição valvular. Os pacientes foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos. O primeiro grupo recebeu atracúrio em uma única dose de 0,6 mg / kg i/v na indução da anestesia. O segundo grupo recebeu atracúrio na dose de 0,6 mg/kg i/v na indução da anestesia, seguido de perfusão de 0,4 mg/kg/h, que foi interrompido no fechamento do esterno. Foi monitorado o relaxamento neuromuscular a partir da indução anestésica e depois a cada 15 minutos até chegar à reversão do bloqueio neuromuscular (T4/T1> 0,9). Foram incluídos 22 pacientes (11 em cada grupo). O tempo de recuperação neuromuscular foi mais prolongado no grupo de pacientes submetidos ao perfusão (90 vs 310 minutos, p: < 0,05%). Todos os pacientes submetidos à infusão contínua de atracúrio apresentaram bloqueio no final da cirurgia. Não foi observado nenhum caso no outro grupo. O uso de atracúrio em bolus no início da anestesia é uma opção eficaz e segura nestes pacientes. Consideramos que é necessário repensar a utilização de relaxantes em infusão contínua neste tipo de cirurgia.

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          Most cited references22

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          Mild intraoperative hypothermia increases duration of action and spontaneous recovery of vecuronium blockade during nitrous oxide-isoflurane anesthesia in humans.

          We compared the duration of action and recovery times for vecuronium in normothermic and mildly hypothermic patients. Ten patients were actively cooled to a central body temperature near 34.5 degrees C, and ten were maintained at a normothermic central temperature (greater than 36.5 degrees C); temperature was measured in the distal esophagus. Vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg was administered as an intravenous (iv) bolus to all patients, and the evoked mechanical response to train-of-four stimulation was recorded. Five hypothermic and five normothermic patients were allowed to recover spontaneously. In the remaining five in each group, neostigmine (40 micrograms/kg) and atropine (20 micrograms/kg) was administered when the first twitch (T1) height spontaneously recovered to 10% of control (T1 = 10% of the pre-vecuronium twitch tension). Vecuronium's duration of action (from injection of drug until T1 = 10%) was 28 +/- 4 and 62 +/- 8 min during normothermia and hypothermia, respectively (P less than 0.05). The corresponding values for spontaneous recovery from T1 = 10% to TOF ratio greater than 75% were 37 +/- 15 and 80 +/- 24 min (P less than 0.05), and for neostigmine-induced recovery were 10 +/- 3 and 16 +/- 11 min (difference not significant). We conclude that mild hypothermia increases the duration of action of and time for spontaneous recovery from vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade.
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            Impact of hypothermia on the response to neuromuscular blocking drugs.

            Muscle strength is reduced during hypothermia, both in the presence and in the absence of neuromuscular blocking drugs. A 2 degrees C reduction in body temperature may double the duration of neuromuscular blockade. Central body and muscle temperatures decline in parallel, as long as peripheral vasoconstriction does not occur. A reduction in muscle strength must be expected at a body temperature less than 36 degrees C (corresponding to a muscle temperature of approximately 35 degrees C). Local cooling of the hand may make adductor pollicis twitch tension monitoring less useful during clinical anesthesia. The efficacy of neostigmine is maintained during mild hypothermia. The use of a nerve stimulator is strongly recommended to monitor the effect of neuromuscular blocking drugs during intraoperative hypothermia.
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              Recovery of neuromuscular function after cardiac surgery: pancuronium versus rocuronium.

              The use of pancuronium in fast-track cardiac surgical patients may be associated with delays in clinical recovery. Our objective in this study was to evaluate the incidence and severity of residual neuromuscular blockade after cardiac surgery in patients randomized to receive either pancuronium (0.08-0.1 mg/kg) or rocuronium (0.6-0.8 mg/kg). Eighty-two patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass were randomized to a pancuronium (n = 41) or rocuronium (n = 41) group. Intraoperative and postoperative management was standardized. In the intensive care unit, train-of-four (TOF) ratios were measured each hour until weaning off ventilatory support was initiated. Neuromuscular blockade was not reversed. After tracheal extubation, patients were examined for signs and symptoms of residual paresis. When weaning of ventilatory support was initiated, significant neuromuscular blockade was present in the pancuronium subjects (TOF ratio: median, 0.14; range, 0.00-1.11) compared with the rocuronium subjects (TOF ratio: median, 0.99; range, 0.87-1.21) (P < 0.05). Patients in the rocuronium group were more likely to be free of signs and symptoms of residual paresis than patients in the pancuronium group. Our findings suggest that the use of longer-acting muscle relaxants in cardiac surgical patients is associated not only with impaired neuromuscular recovery, but also with signs and symptoms of residual muscle weakness in the early postoperative period.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                aar
                Anestesia Analgesia Reanimación
                Anest Analg Reanim
                Sociedad de Anestesiología del Uruguay (Montevideo )
                1688-1273
                2011
                : 24
                : 1
                : 3
                Article
                S1688-12732011000100003
                c611a3d0-f234-4c1a-9edd-af9183d67df9

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Uruguay

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1688-1273&lng=en
                Categories
                ALLERGY
                ANESTHESIOLOGY
                MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL
                SURGERY

                Surgery,Immunology,Anesthesiology & Pain management,Internal medicine
                monitoramento,bloqueo neuromuscular,atracurio,bloqueio neuromuscular,artacurium,monitorization,monitorización,neuromuscular blockade,cardiac surgery,atracúrio,cirugía cardíaca,cirurgia cardíaca

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