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      Unintentional Injuries and Psychosocial Correlates among in-School Adolescents in Malaysia

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          Abstract

          The study aimed to provide estimates of the prevalence and psychosocial correlates of unintentional injury among school-going adolescents in Malaysia. Cross-sectional data from the Global School-Based Health Survey (GSHS) included 21,699 students (predominantly ≤13 to ≥17 years) that were selected by a two-stage cluster sample design to represent all secondary school students in Forms 1 to 5. The percentage of school children reporting one or more serious injuries in the past year was 34.9%, 42.1% of boys and 27.8% of girls. The two major causes of the most serious injury were “fall” (9.9%) and motor vehicle accident or being hit by a motor vehicle (5.4%), and the most frequent type of injury sustained was cut, puncture, or stab wound (6.2%) and a broken bone or dislocated joint (4.2%). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, sociodemographic factors (being male and low socioeconomic status), substance use (tobacco and cannabis use), frequent soft drink consumption, attending physical education classes three or more times a week, other risky behavior (truancy, ever having had sex, being bullied), psychological distress, and lack of parental or guardian bonding were associated with annual injury prevalence. Several factors were identified, which could be included in injury prevention promotion programs among secondary school children.

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          Socioeconomic differences in childhood injury: a population based epidemiologic study in Ontario, Canada.

          Daniel R. Brison, W Pickett, T Faelker (2000)
          To determine whether risks for childhood injury vary according to socioeconomic gradients. Population based, retrospective study. The percentage of individuals living below the poverty line (described ecologically using census data) was the primary measure of socioeconomic status. Catchment area of a tertiary medical centre that provides emergency services to all area residents. Area residents aged 0-19 years during 1996 were included. Injuries that occurred during 1996 were identified by an emergency department based surveillance system. The study population was divided into socioeconomic grades based upon percentages of area residents living below the poverty line. Multiple Poisson regression analyses were used to quantify associations and assess the statistical significance of trends. 5894 childhood injuries were identified among 35380 eligible children; 985 children with missing socioeconomic data were excluded. A consistent relation between poverty and injury was evident. Children in the highest grade (indicating higher poverty levels) experienced injury rates that were 1.67 (95% confidence interval 1.48 to 1.89) higher than those in the lowest grade (adjusted relative risk for grades 1-V: 1.00,1.10,1.22,1.42, 1.67; Ptrend < 0.001). These patterns were observed within age/sex strata; for home, recreational, and fall injuries; and for injuries of minor and moderate severities. Socioeconomic differences in childhood injury parallel mortality and morbidity gradients identified in adult populations. This study confirms that this health gradient is observable in a population of children using emergency department data. Given the population based nature of this study, these findings are likely to be reflected in other settings. The results suggest the need for targeted injury prevention efforts among children from economically disadvantaged populations, although the exact requirements of the optimal prevention approach remain elusive.
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            Multilevel analysis of associations between socioeconomic status and injury among Canadian adolescents.

            Kelly Simpson, Ian Janssen, Wendy M Craig … (2005)
            To determine the contribution of individual and area level measures of socioeconomic status (SES) to the occurrence of various injury types among Canadian adolescents. Cross sectional Canadian data were used from two sources: (1) the 2001/02 health behaviour in school aged children survey (individual level SES measures, injury measures), and (2) the 2001 Canada census of population (area level SES measures). Injury outcomes included: medically treated injury, injury hospitalisation, sport/recreational injury, and fighting injury. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to examine individual and area level SES measures as potential determinants of adolescent injury. 7235 students in grades 6-10 from 170 schools across Canada. Associations between SES and injury were identified for each injury outcome examined, although a clear direction of association was not present for the overall measure of medically treated injury. In general, lower SES was associated with increased risk for hospitalised and fighting injury. Higher SES was associated with increased risks for sport/recreational injury. Independent contributions of individual and area level measures of SES were seen for hospitalised and fighting injury. Associations between SES and adolescent injury exist; however, the direction of these relations becomes more apparent with particular indicators of SES and when homogenous injury outcomes are evaluated.
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              Unintentional injuries in school-aged children and adolescents: lessons from a systematic review of cohort studies.

              J. Mytton, C. G. Gray, E Towner … (2009)
              To critically synthesise current knowledge of the patterns of injuries and risk factors for injury in school-aged children, to summarise the evidence and support effective child injury prevention initiatives. Systematic review. Selection criteria and Prospective cohort studies reporting unintentional injuries in healthy children aged 5-18 years were identified by searching 15 electronic databases and additional grey literature sources. A narrative synthesis was conducted of papers meeting quality criteria, with risk factors analysed at individual, family and environmental levels. Limitations of existing evidence were considered. 44 papers from 18 different cohort studies met the inclusion criteria. There were broad and consistent patterns of injury across time and place. Male sex, psychological, behavioural and risk-taking behaviour problems, having a large number of siblings, and a young mother were all associated with increased injury occurrence across more than one cohort and setting. Descriptive epidemiology and risk factors for injury were derived from prospective cohort studies, but few studies used the full potential of their design. Opportunities to use repeated measures to assess temporal changes in injury occurrence, and the exploration of risk factors, particularly those related to the child's environment, have rarely been undertaken. Few studies were conducted in low/middle-income countries where the burden of injury is greatest. These findings should be considered when planning future research and prevention initiatives.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Ian Pike: Role: Academic Editor
                Alison Macpherson: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijerph
                Title: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Print): 1661-7827
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-4601
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 November 2015
                Publication date (Print): November 2015
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 11
                Pages: 14936-14947
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamothon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; E-Mail: supaprom@ 123456yahoo.com
                [2 ]Department of Research & Innovation, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
                [3 ]Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand
                [4 ]HIV/AIDS/STIs and TB (HAST), Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: karl.pel@ 123456mahidol.ac.th ; Tel.: +66-2-441-0207; Fax: +66-2-441-9044.
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijerph-12-14936
                DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121114936
                PMC ID: 4661689
                PubMed ID: 26610542
                SO-VID: a625e048-ca50-4558-a76b-d83ec7457d8a
                Copyright © © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 14 September 2015
                Date accepted : 19 November 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: injury,psychosocial factors,substance use,secondary school children,malaysia
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: injury, psychosocial factors, substance use, secondary school children, malaysia

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