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      Ectopic thyroid tissue in the breast: A case report

      case-report
      Author(s): , ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Open Life Sciences
      Publisher: De Gruyter
      Keywords: ectopic thyroid tissue, breast, embryology, case report

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          Abstract

          Ectopic thyroid tissue is a rare condition manifested as the appearance of thyroid tissue outside the thyroid gland. Here, we report a case of ectopic thyroid tissue in the breast. A 48-year-old Chinese woman who was diagnosed with breast cancer received modified radical mastectomy. A thyroid tissue was found on subsequent pathological examination. The ectopic thyroid tissue was confirmed by immunohistochemistry staining of thyroid biomarkers, including thyroglobulin, thyroid transcription factor-1, and thyroid peroxidase. Currently, abnormal thyroid anlage descent is the main theory to explain ectopic thyroid tissue, especially lingual thyroid. However, it is far-fetched to explain the pathogenesis of ectopic thyroid tissues existed in organs or tissues far from thyroid such as iris, cardiac, pulmonary, duodenal, adrenal, and vertebral. Here, we reviewed the previous cases of ectopic thyroid tissue in breast and proposed a “entoderm migration” theory to explain distant ectopic thyroid tissues based on embryonic development perspective.

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          Ectopic thyroid tissue: anatomical, clinical, and surgical implications of a rare entity.

          Konstantinos Natsis, D Lappas, Panagiotis Anagnostis … (2011)
          Ectopic thyroid tissue is a rare entity resulting from developmental defects at early stages of thyroid gland embryogenesis, during its passage from the floor of the primitive foregut to its final pre-tracheal position. It is frequently found around the course of the thyroglossal duct or laterally in the neck, as well as in distant places such as the mediastinum and the subdiaphragmatic organs. Although most cases are asymptomatic, symptoms related to tumor size and its relationship with surrounding tissues may also appear. Any disease affecting the thyroid gland may also involve the ectopic thyroid, including malignancy. The clinician must distinguish between ectopic thyroid and metastatic deposits emerging from an orthotopic gland, as well as other benign or malignant masses. Thyroid scintigraphy plays the most important role in diagnosing ectopy, but ultrasonography contributes as well. In cases of symptomatic disease, surgery is the treatment of choice, followed by radioiodine ablation and levothyroxine suppression therapy in more refractory cases. This review provides current understanding about the wide clinical spectrum of this rare condition, also referring to optimal diagnostic approach, differential diagnosis, and management strategies.
          Article 0 comments Cited 95 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Derivation of Thyroid Follicular Cells From Pluripotent Stem Cells: Insights From Development and Implications for Regenerative Medicine

            Alberto Posabella, Andrea Alber, Hendrik Undeutsch … (2021)
            Stem cell-based therapies to reconstitute in vivo organ function hold great promise for future clinical applications to a variety of diseases. Hypothyroidism resulting from congenital lack of functional thyrocytes, surgical tissue removal, or gland ablation, represents a particularly attractive endocrine disease target that may be conceivably cured by transplantation of long-lived functional thyroid progenitors or mature follicular epithelial cells, provided a source of autologous cells can be generated and a variety of technical and biological challenges can be surmounted. Here we review the emerging literature indicating that thyroid follicular epithelial cells can now be engineered in vitro from the pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) of mice, normal humans, or patients with congenital hypothyroidism. We review the in vivo embryonic development of the thyroid gland and explain how emerging discoveries in developmental biology have been utilized as a roadmap for driving PSCs, which resemble cells of the early embryo, into mature functional thyroid follicles in vitro . Finally, we discuss the bioengineering, biological, and clinical hurdles that now need to be addressed if the goals of life-long cure of hypothyroidism through cell- and/or gene-based therapies are to be attained.
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              Primary synovial sarcoma of thyroid gland: A case report and review of literature

              Seyed-ahmad Seyed-alagheband, Masoud Sharifian, Omid-Ali Adeli … (2021)
              Introduction and importance Synovial cell sarcoma (SS) is an extremely rare mesenchymal malignancy, representing nearly 10% of all soft-tissue sarcomas. These high-grade soft tissue sarcomas commonly arise in the para-articular regions of lower extremities. However, 15% of Synovial sarcomas has been described at Unusual locations, including head, neck, and trunk. Herein, we describe the twelfth case of primary synovial cell sarcoma of thyroid with a literature review. Case presentation A 43-year-old woman presented with complaint of a progressive neck mass for the last five-months. She developed with dysphagia and dyspnea nearly 2 months prior, without signs of hoarseness, and weight loss. Ultrasonography in which revealed a heterogeneous, hypervascularized thyroid mass. After total thyroidectomy immunohistochemistry was in favor of primary synovial cell sarcoma of thyroid. The diagnosis was confirmed via Molecular genetic analysis of the SYT-SSX fusion gene transcript using the RT- polymerase chain reaction method. Clinical Discussion: Primary thyroid SVS is an extremely rare malignancy with poor biological behavior. SVS has been known for its tendency to local and distal re-occurrence after a few years of treatment. SS can be classified into two subtypes of monophasic or biphasic based on the presence of mesenchymal and/or epithelial components. Accordingly, the most accurate diagnostic tool for SS is considered to be molecular genetic analysis for SYT/SSX fusion transcript. Conclusion Herein, we reported an extremely rare case of SVS of thyroid gland. These high-grade soft tissue sarcomas mainly present with an asymptomatic rapid growing neck mass. Unspecific clinical presentations and extreme rarity of this disorder, make the diagnosis of thyroid SVS very challenging. Due to paucity of data, there is not enough evidence to establish a reliable mortality rate. However, the prognosis of thyroid SVS seems unfavorable. • Synovial Cell Sarcoma (SS) is an extremely rare mesenchymal malignancy, representing nearly 10% of all soft-tissue sarcomas. • Primary synovial cell sarcoma of thyroid is exceedingly rare. To our knowledge, only 11 cases have been reported in the English literature • Herein, we describe the twelfth case of primary synovial cell sarcoma of thyroid with a literature review.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Zegang Liu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Open Life Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Open Life Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): biol
                Title: Open Life Sciences
                Publisher: De Gruyter
                ISSN (Electronic): 2391-5412
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 June 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 18
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 20220628
                Affiliations
                Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University , Kunming, China
                Department of General Surgery , 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, PLA, Kunming, China
                Article
                Publisher ID: biol-2022-0628
                DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0628
                PMC ID: 10276541
                PubMed ID: 37333484
                SO-VID: a5cf7a83-8a89-418e-8e51-c5eb7174bfc6
                Copyright © © 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter
                License:

                This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                Date received : 16 March 2023
                Date revision received : 01 May 2023
                Date accepted : 15 May 2023
                Page count
                Pages: 5
                Categories
                Subject: Case Report

                Keywords: ectopic thyroid tissue,breast,embryology,case report
                Data availability:
                Keywords: ectopic thyroid tissue, breast, embryology, case report

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