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      HIV Testing and Counseling Among Female Sex Workers: A Systematic Literature Review

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          Abstract

          HIV testing uptake continues to be low among Female Sex Workers (FSWs). We synthesizes evidence on barriers and facilitators to HIV testing among FSW as well as frequencies of testing, willingness to test, and return rates to collect results. We systematically searched the MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS databases for articles published in English between January 2000 and November 2017. Out of 5036 references screened, we retained 36 papers. The two barriers to HIV testing most commonly reported were financial and time costs—including low income, transportation costs, time constraints, and formal/informal payments—as well as the stigma and discrimination ascribed to HIV positive people and sex workers. Social support facilitated testing with consistently higher uptake amongst married FSWs and women who were encouraged to test by peers and managers. The consistent finding that social support facilitated HIV testing calls for its inclusion into current HIV testing strategies addressed at FSW.

          Resumen

          La aceptación a realizar las pruebas de VIH continúa siendo baja entre las Mujeres Trabajadoras Sexuales (MTS). Nosotros sintetizamos evidencias sobre las barreras y las facilidades para realizar las pruebas de VIH entre las MTS, así como sobre las frecuencias de la prueba, voluntad de evaluar y tasa de retorno para recoger los resultados. Se realizaron búsquedas sistemáticas en las bases de datos MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE,SCOPUS para artículos publicados en inglés entre enero del 2000 y noviembre de 2017. De 5036 referencias examinadas, elegimos 36 artículos. Las dos barreras más comunes para las pruebas de VIH fueron los costos financieros y de tiempo, incluyendo: bajos ingresos, costos de transporte, limitaciones de tiempo y pagos formales/informales, así como el estigma y la discriminación atribuidos a las personas y trabajadoras sexuales seropositivas. El apoyo social facilitó las pruebas de VIH con una mayor aceptación entre las MTS casadas y las mujeres a quienes sus compañeros y gerentes les animaron a realizarlas. El hallazgo consistente en que el apoyo social facilitó las pruebas de VIH requiere su inclusión en las estrategias actuales de pruebas de VIH realizadas en MTS.

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          Most cited references39

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          Gender Differences in Health Care Expenditures, Resource Utilization, and Quality of Care

          Gary Owens (2008)
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            HIV infection among female sex workers in concentrated and high prevalence epidemics: why a structural determinants framework is needed.

            This article reviews the current state of the epidemiological literature on female sex work and HIV from the past 18 months. We offer a conceptual framework for structural HIV determinants and sex work that unpacks intersecting structural, interpersonal, and individual biological and behavioural factors.
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              “When they know that you are a sex worker, you will be the last person to be treated”: Perceptions and experiences of female sex workers in accessing HIV services in Uganda

              Background HIV prevalence among female sex workers (FSWs) in high burden countries in sub-Saharan Africa varies between 24 and 72%, however their access to HIV services remains limited. This study explored FSWs’ perspectives of the barriers and opportunities to HIV service access in Uganda. Methods The cross-sectional qualitative study was conducted between October and December 2013. Twenty-four focus group discussions were conducted with 190 FSWs in 12 districts. Data were analysed using manifest content analysis, using Atlas.ti software, based on the socio-ecological model. Results FSWs indicated that HIV services were available and these included condoms, HIV testing and treatment, and management of sexually transmitted infections. However, access to HIV services was affected by several individual, societal, structural, and policy related barriers. Individual level factors included limited awareness of some prevention services, fears, and misconceptions while societal stigma was prominent. Structural and policy level barriers included inconvenient hours of operation of the clinics, inflexible facility based distribution of condoms, interuptions in the supply of condoms and other commodities, and limited package of services with virtually no access to lubricants, HIV pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis, and support following client perpetrated violence. Policies such as partner testing and involvement at antenatal care, and using only one facility for antiretroviral drug refills hindered HIV service uptake and retention in care. FSWs had major concerns with the quality of services especially discrimination and rude remarks from providers, denial or delay of services, and potential for breach of confidentiality. However, some FSWs reported positive experiences including interface with friendly providers and participated in formal and informal FSW groups, which supported them to access health services. Conclusion Despite availability of services, FSWs faced major challenges in access to services. Comprehensive multilevel interventions targeting individual, societal, structural and policy level barriers are required to increase access to HIVservices among FSWs in Uganda. Policy and institutional adjustments should emphasize quality friendly services and expanding the package of services to meet the needs of FSWs.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +34 93 227 1806 , anna.tokar@isglobal.org
                j.e.w.broerse@vu.nl
                blanchard@cc.umanitoba.ca
                maria.roura@ul.ie
                Journal
                AIDS Behav
                AIDS Behav
                AIDS and Behavior
                Springer US (New York )
                1090-7165
                1573-3254
                20 February 2018
                20 February 2018
                2018
                : 22
                : 8
                : 2435-2457
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló, 132, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1754 9227, GRID grid.12380.38, Athena Institute, Faculty of Science, , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9609, GRID grid.21613.37, Department of Community Health Sciences, , Manitoba University, ; Manitoba, Canada
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9692, GRID grid.10049.3c, Public and Patient Involvement Research Unit, Graduate Entry Medical School, , University of Limerick, ; Limerick, Ireland
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4992-6819
                Article
                2043
                10.1007/s10461-018-2043-3
                6097720
                29464430
                a42dc817-2fa5-4001-9e10-d7317e06358c
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: Erasmus Mundus, TransGlobal Health
                Award ID: na (PhD scholarship)
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Original Paper
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                hiv diagnosis,hiv testing,female sex workers (fsws),systematic review

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