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      Surface Modification of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

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          Abstract

          Functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are of great interest due to wide range applications, especially in nanomedicine. However, they face challenges preventing their further applications such as rapid agglomeration, oxidation, etc. Appropriate surface modification of IONPs can conquer these barriers with improved physicochemical properties. This review summarizes recent advances in the surface modification of IONPs with small organic molecules, polymers and inorganic materials. The preparation methods, mechanisms and applications of surface-modified IONPs with different materials are discussed. Finally, the technical barriers of IONPs and their limitations in practical applications are pointed out, and the development trends and prospects are discussed.

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          Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs): development, surface modification and applications in chemotherapy.

          At present, nanoparticles are used for various biomedical applications where they facilitate laboratory diagnostics and therapeutics. More specifically for drug delivery purposes, the use of nanoparticles is attracting increasing attention due to their unique capabilities and their negligible side effects not only in cancer therapy but also in the treatment of other ailments. Among all types of nanoparticles, biocompatible superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with proper surface architecture and conjugated targeting ligands/proteins have attracted a great deal of attention for drug delivery applications. This review covers recent advances in the development of SPIONs together with their possibilities and limitations from fabrication to application in drug delivery. In addition, the state-of-the-art synthetic routes and surface modification of desired SPIONs for drug delivery purposes are described. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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            Magnetic fluid hyperthermia: focus on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles.

            Due to their unique magnetic properties, excellent biocompatibility as well as multi-purpose biomedical potential (e.g., applications in cancer therapy and general drug delivery), superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are attracting increasing attention in both pharmaceutical and industrial communities. The precise control of the physiochemical properties of these magnetic systems is crucial for hyperthermia applications, as the induced heat is highly dependent on these properties. In this review, the limitations and recent advances in the development of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for hyperthermia are presented. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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              Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: magnetic nanoplatforms as drug carriers

              A targeted drug delivery system is the need of the hour. Guiding magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with the help of an external magnetic field to its target is the principle behind the development of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as novel drug delivery vehicles. SPIONs are small synthetic γ-Fe2O3 (maghemite) or Fe3O4 (magnetite) particles with a core ranging between 10 nm and 100 nm in diameter. These magnetic particles are coated with certain biocompatible polymers, such as dextran or polyethylene glycol, which provide chemical handles for the conjugation of therapeutic agents and also improve their blood distribution profile. The current research on SPIONs is opening up wide horizons for their use as diagnostic agents in magnetic resonance imaging as well as for drug delivery vehicles. Delivery of anticancer drugs by coupling with functionalized SPIONs to their targeted site is one of the most pursued areas of research in the development of cancer treatment strategies. SPIONs have also demonstrated their efficiency as nonviral gene vectors that facilitate the introduction of plasmids into the nucleus at rates multifold those of routinely available standard technologies. SPION-induced hyperthermia has also been utilized for localized killing of cancerous cells. Despite their potential biomedical application, alteration in gene expression profiles, disturbance in iron homeostasis, oxidative stress, and altered cellular responses are some SPION-related toxicological aspects which require due consideration. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of SPIONs with regard to their method of preparation, their utility as drug delivery vehicles, and some concerns which need to be resolved before they can be moved from bench top to bedside.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nanomaterials (Basel)
                Nanomaterials (Basel)
                nanomaterials
                Nanomaterials
                MDPI
                2079-4991
                09 October 2018
                October 2018
                : 8
                : 10
                : 810
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; 18651927042@ 123456163.com (N.Z.); jiaqi_niu@ 123456163.com (J.N.); hdli@ 123456uestc.edu.cn (H.L.); xbniu@ 123456uestc.edu.cn (X.N.)
                [2 ]Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610054, China; Azarisyu@ 123456gmail.com (P.Y.); ufbajwa@ 123456yahoo.com (M.U.F.); waseem.physicist@ 123456gmail.com (M.W.A.); Israel.udego@ 123456yahoo.com (I.O.U.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: hainingji@ 123456163.com ; Tel.: +86-185-8375-1368
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7103-7623
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8444-8392
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0651-2432
                Article
                nanomaterials-08-00810
                10.3390/nano8100810
                6215286
                30304823
                a2a69880-4f2d-41de-a938-aaec7c9c6c16
                © 2018 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 28 August 2018
                : 05 October 2018
                Categories
                Review

                magnetic nanoparticles,nanomedicine,iron oxide nanoparticles,surface modification

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