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      Seroprevalence of Transfusion-Transmitted Infections among Voluntary and Replacement Blood Donors at the Peshawar Regional Blood Centre, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

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          Abstract

          Introduction  Blood transfusion is linked to several risks, most notably the transmission of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs), including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), syphilis, and malaria. The risk posed by these blood-borne infectious agents is high in developing countries, including Pakistan. This fact stresses the need for regular surveillance of TTIs. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to assess the seroprevalence of TTIs at a regional blood center.

          Material and Methods  This was a retrospective 4-year descriptive study undertaken at the Regional Blood Centre in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan, on the blood donor data from June 2016 to May 2020. A total of 41,817 donors donated blood during the study period and were screened for HBV, HCV, HIV, syphilis, and malaria. To ensure donor privacy, donors were identified via codes and no personal information was available. The data were extracted from the ZAAVIA blood transfusion information system database.

          Results  The study included a total of 41,817 donors—41,493 (99.22%) males and 324 (0.78%) females. Of them, 22,343 (53.43%) were voluntary donors while 19,474 (46.57%) were replacement donors. An overall TTI prevalence rate of 4.61% was found. The TTI prevalence rate in voluntary donors was 3.90% while 5.42% in replacement donors. The overall prevalence of HBV, HCV, HIV, syphilis, and malaria was 1.95, 1.38, 0.23, 0.91, and 0.14%, respectively.

          Conclusion  The current study documented a high prevalence (1,929 out of 41,817, 4.61%) of TTIs, especially in replacement donors (1,057 out of 19,474, 5.42%), and low participation of female donors. The recommendations include the promotion of voluntary blood donors, enrolment of female blood donors, and screening of donated blood through highly sensitive screening assay (i.e., nucleic acid testing).

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          Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C viruses and syphilis infections among blood donors at the Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

          Mecky IN Matee, Pius Magesa, Eligius F Lyamuya (2006)
          Background According to the latest Tanzanian National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) report a total of 147,271 individuals donated blood during the year 2002. However, blood safety remains an issue of major concern in transfusion medicine in Tanzania where national blood transfusion services and policies, appropriate infrastructure, trained personnel and financial resources are inadequate. Most of the donated blood is screened for HIV alone. Methods We determined among blood donors at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH), the seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and syphilis by donor type, sex and age and to determine association, if any, in the occurrence of the pathogens. The sample included 1599 consecutive donors, 1424(89.1%) males and 175 (10.9%) females, who donated blood between April 2004 and May, 2005. Most of them 1125 (70.4%) were replacement donors and a few 474 (29.6%) voluntary donors. Their age (in years) ranged from 16 to 69, and most (72.2%) were between 20–39 years. Results Two hundred and fifty four (15.9%) of the donated blood had serological evidence of infection with at least one pathogen and 28 (1.8%) had multiple infections. The current seroprevalence of HIV, HBsAg, HCV and syphilis among blood donors at MNH in Dar es Salaam was found to be 3.8%, 8.8%, 1.5% and 4.7%, respectively. Respective seroprevalences among HIV seronegative blood donors were 8.7% for HBV, 1.6% for HCV and 4.6% for syphilis. The differences in the prevalence of HIV and syphilis infections between replacement and voluntary donors were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Syphilis was the only infection that occurred more frequently among HIV infected (12.1%) than non-infected (4.6%) blood donors (P < 0.05), and whose prevalence increased with age (X2 = 58.5 df = 5, P < 0.001). There were no significant sex differences in the occurrence of pathogens. Finally, there were significant associations in the occurrence of HBsAg and syphilis (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.1.-4.2) and HIV and syphilis (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.0–5.3). Conclusion The high (15.9%) seroprevalence of blood-borne infections in blood donated at MNH calls for routine screening of blood donors for HBV, HCV, HIV and syphilis and for strict selection criteria of donors, with emphasis on getting young voluntary donors and for establishment of strict guidelines for blood transfusions.
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            Seroprevalence of transfusion transmitted infection among blood donors at Jijiga blood bank, Eastern Ethiopia: retrospective 4 years study

            Yusuf Mohammed, Alemayehu Bekele (2016)
            Background A transfusion transmissible infection (TTI) is any infection that is transmissible from person to- person through parenteral administration of blood or blood products. The magnitude of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTI) varies from country to country depending on TTI’s load in that particular population. Measuring their severity, WHO (World Health Organization) has recommended pre-transfusion blood test for Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Syphilis as mandatory. The aim of the current study was to assess the trend and prevalence of TTI among blood donors in Jijiga Blood Bank between 2010 and 2013. Methods A Retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted by reviewing the records from 2010 to 2013 at Jijiga Blood Bank. All blood donors who presented to the blood bank and screened for TTI during the study period were included. The data was collected, entered and analyzed using Epi Info 3.5.1 & Microsoft Excel 2007. The descriptive statistics were determined in means of percentages. Chi-square was used for trend analysis and p-value was used to declare the statistical significance between the variable. Result There were a total of 4224 people donated blood during study period. Males formed the majority of the donor population accounting for 4171 (98.7 %). Majority 4139 (98 %) of donors were Replacement donors. The overall prevalence of transfusion-transmitted infection was 487/4224 (11.5 %). The prevalence for HBsAg, HCV, HIV, & Syphilis antibodies was 460 (10. 9 %), 17 (0.4 %), 6 (0.1 %) and 4 (0.1 %) respectively. Majority 460/487 (94.5 %) of infection was HBsAg. Statistically significant difference was observed in number of donation as well as sero-positivity from year 2010 to 2013 (Chi-square 9.24, p value = 0.02), in Trends of HBsAg from year to year (Chi-square 11.14, p value = 0.01), HIV virus was seen as the age of donors increases (Chi-square 8.37, p value = 0.01) and There was also statistically significance difference (p value = 0.01) in prevalence of HBsAg distribution by sex. Conclusion The present study clearly documents high Seroprevalence (487 out of 4,224, 11.5 %) of TTI, low percentage of voluntary donors and low participation of female donors. Promoting the culture of voluntary donors, recruitment of female blood donors and proper testing of donor’s blood by using standard methods are recommended.
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              Sero-epidemiology of transfusion-transmissible infectious diseases among blood donors in Osogbo, south-west Nigeria.

              Musa Muhibi, Zaccheaus A. Jeremiah, Fiekumo I. Buseri (2009)
              Transfusion-transmissible infectious agents such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and syphilis are among the greatest threats to blood safety for transfusion recipients and pose a serious public health problem. This cross-sectional study was undertaken with the aim of determining the seroprevalence of HIV, HCV, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and syphilis and correlates the findings with sex and age to ascertain the associations, if any, in the occurrence of the pathogens. HBsAg, antibodies to Treponema pallidum and HCV were determined using Clinotech test strips. Antibodies to HIV types 1 and 2 were screened with Determine and Immunocomb. All the reactive samples were confirmed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Antibodies to Treponema pallidum were confirmed with a Treponema pallidum haemagglutination test. A total of 1,410 apparently healthy prospective blood donors aged between 18 and 64 years (mean+/-SD, 32.58 +/- 10.24 years) who presented for blood donation at the Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching Hospital Blood Bank, Osogbo were studied. The male:female ratio was 6:1. Of the prospective blood donors, 406 (28.8%) had serological evidence of infection with at least one infectious marker and 36 (2.6%) had dual infections. The overall seroprevalence of HBsAg, HIV, HCV and syphilis was found to be 18.6%, 3.1%, 6.0% and 1.1%, respectively. The highest prevalences of HBsAg, HIV, HCV and syphilis infections occurred among commercial blood donors and those aged 18 to 47 years old, the most sexually active age group. There were no significant associations between pathogens except for syphilis and HIV (p > 0.001). The high seroprevalence of blood-borne pathogens among prospective blood donors in Osogbo, Nigeria calls for mandatory routine screening of blood donors for HBV, HIV, HCV and syphilis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Lab Physicians
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Lab Physicians
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1055/s-00044881
                Title: Journal of Laboratory Physicians
                Publisher: Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd. (A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India )
                ISSN (Print): 0974-2727
                ISSN (Electronic): 0974-7826
                Publication date (Print): June 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 May 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 1 June 2021
                Volume: 13
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 162-168
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Health, Peshawar Regional Blood Centre, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
                [2 ]Islamabad Blood Transfusion Authority, Ministry of National Health Services, Government of Pakistan, Pakistan
                [3 ]Department of Pathology, Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Medical College, Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
                [4 ]Department of Biotechnology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
                [5 ]Department of Blood Bank, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence Noore Saba, MBBS, MPH, MPhil Department of Health, Peshawar Regional Blood Centre Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar - 25000Pakistan dr.nooresaba@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: JLP20100415
                DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729485
                PMC ID: 8409124
                PubMed ID: 34483564
                SO-VID: a1e6445f-3f01-4a06-b661-5153397aaba5
                Copyright © The Indian Association of Laboratory Physicians. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License, which permits unrestricted reproduction and distribution, for non-commercial purposes only; and use and reproduction, but not distribution, of adapted material for non-commercial purposes only, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Subject: Original Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical chemistry
                Keywords: transfusion,blood,donors,infection,seroprevalence
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical chemistry
                Keywords: transfusion, blood, donors, infection, seroprevalence

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