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      The Prevalence of Transfusion Transmitted Infections among Blood Donors in Pakistan: A Retrospective Study

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          This study aimed to determine the prevalence of blood transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs), among blood donors in Pakistan, specifically HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), syphilis, and malaria.

          Methods

          Data records of all registered blood donors (n = 120 968) during 2008–2019, at a blood transfusion center in a tertiary care hospital were assessed. Frequency of the seropositive donors for HIV, HCV, HBV, syphilis, and malaria was analyzed.

          Results

          The overall age range of the donors was 25–65 years. Nearly all were male (99.0%). HCV, syphilis, and malaria were more prevalent among those aged 26–35 years. Most donors (81.1%) were residents of Islamabad city. The infection with the highest prevalence among the screened blood donors was HCV (1.5%; 95% CI: 0.423–0.661) followed by syphilis (0.8%; 95% CI: 1.149–1.432). HCV and syphilis were most frequently observed in blood group B positive (B+) donors while HIV was more common in those who were O+. The frequency of co-infection of syphilis with HCV and HIV was 0.02% and 0.01%, respectively.

          Conclusions

          Among male blood donors, the most prevalent TTI infection was HCV followed by HIV; the latter is on the rise. HCV and syphilis are the most frequent co-infections.

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          Most cited references23

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          Sero-epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C viruses, and syphilis infections among first-time blood donors in Edéa, Cameroon.

          Jean Jacques N Noubiap, Walburga Yvonne A Joko, Jobert Richie N Nansseu … (2013)
          Blood safety remains an issue of major concern in transfusion medicine in sub-Saharan Africa. Blood-borne agents such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Treponema pallidum are among the greatest threats to blood safety for the recipient. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of HIV, HCV, HBV, and syphilis infections among first-time blood donors at the new hospital-based blood bank in Edéa, Cameroon. We carried out a retrospective analysis of blood donor data recorded between December 2011 and May 2012 at the blood bank of the Edéa Regional Hospital. Antibodies to HIV types 1 and 2 were screened with the Determine and ImmunoComb tests. Hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies to HCV were detected using DIASpot test strips. Syphilis was diagnosed using the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test and the Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA). A total of 543 blood donors were included, among whom 349 (64.3%) were family replacement donors. One hundred and fifteen donors (21.2%) were infected with at least one pathogen. The overall seroprevalence rates of HIV, HBV, HCV, and syphilis were 4.1%, 10.1%, 4.8%, and 5.7%, respectively. We found a total of 26 dual infections. The most common combinations were HBV-HCV and HBV-HIV. There was a significant association between HIV and HBV infections (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.46, 95% CI 1.29-9.39; p=0.014), and between HBV and HCV infections (aOR 2.81, 95% CI 1.02-10.12; p=0.036). Compared to voluntary donors, family replacement donors were significantly more infected by at least one screened pathogen (aOR 1.81, 95% CI 1.14-2.88; p=0.013), and more infected specifically by HIV (aOR 3.66, 95% CI 1.07-12.55; p=0.039) and syphilis (aOR 2.81, 95% CI 1.05-7.46; p=0.039). Our findings indicate that blood safety remains a major problem in Cameroon where hospital-based blood banks and family replacement donors are predominant. There is an urgent need for a national blood transfusion program in Cameroon that will establish a nationally coordinated blood transfusion service based on the principles of voluntary regular non-remunerated blood donation. Copyright © 2012 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Prevalence and Trends of Transfusion-Transmissible Viral Infections among Blood Donors in South of Iran: An Eleven-Year Retrospective Study

            Fatemeh Farshadpour, Reza Taherkhani, Saeed Tajbakhsh … (2016)
            Background Blood transfusion is considered a potential risk factor for transmission of life-threatening viral infections, including HIV, HCV and HBV infections. This study was performed to find out the prevalence and trends of these infections among blood donors in Southern Iran. Methods The blood donor data recorded in twelve regional blood transfusion centers from 2004 to 2014 were analyzed in an anonymous way with respect to the results of serological screening for HBV, HCV, and HIV infections. Overall, 293454 donors were screened for viral infections. Results Most of the donors were male, married, aged between 20–40 years, educated, and regular donors. The overall seroprevalence rates of HBV, HCV and HIV were 0.15%, 0.1% and 0.004%, respectively. The highest seroprevalence was found for HBV, followed by HCV and HIV. These infections were more prevalent in male, low educated and first time donors. The highest HCV seroprevalence was observed among donors aged 20 to 40 years, while HBV seroprevalence increased with age. The seroprevalence rates of HBV and HCV from 2004 to 2014 showed significant decreasing trends from 0.460% to 0.060% (P < 0.001) and 0.329% to 0.045% (P < 0.001), respectively. Whereas HIV infection had a slight but not significant decline from 0.0173% in 2004 to 0.0028% in 2014 (P = 0.087). Conclusions The decreasing trends of transfusion-transmissible viral infections in blood donations indicate that the attempts of IBTO were successful in improving the safety of the blood supply, since the prevalence rates of viral infections have been reduced to very low levels in blood donations over the years. However, still more effective techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are needed to guarantee blood safety.
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              Prevalence and Trend of Major Transfusion-Transmissible Infections among Blood Donors in Western China, 2005 through 2010

              Yan-Yan Song, Ying Bian, Max Petzold … (2014)
              Background The prevalence of transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs) in blood donations is important for evaluating blood safety and potential risks to the population. This study investigated the prevalence of TTIs among blood donors in Western China and suggested measures for policy-makers. Methods The screening results of 66,311 donations between 2005 and 2010 from a central blood center in Western China were analyzed. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and syphilis infections were expressed in percentages for the entire study group as well as groups by demographic characteristics and donation frequency, with differences analyzed using Fisher's exact or Chi-square test. Logistic regression was performed to identify the influencing factors of the detected results. Results 1,769 (2.67%, 95% CI 2.55–2.79%) of the donated blood had serological evidence of infection with at least one pathogen and 44 (0.07%, 95% CI 0.05–0.09%) showed evidence of multiple infections. The seroprevalence of HBV, HCV, HIV, and syphilis infections was 0.87% (95% CI 0.80–0.94%), 0.86% (95% CI 0.79–0.93%), 0.31% (95% CI 0.26–0.35%), and 0.70% (95% CI 0.64–0.76%) respectively. Trend analysis for the prevalence of TTIs showed a significant increase from 2.44% to 3.71% (χ2 = 100.72, p = 0.00) over this 6-year period. The positive rates for TTIs varied along demographic lines. The top three risk factors in test-positive donors were identified as age, education level and donation frequency. The older age group and lower educated group were linked to a higher prevalence of TTIs. A decreasing prevalence was associated with an increasing frequency of blood donations (χ2 = 562.78, p = 0.00). Conclusions Hepatitis B and C were found most, and often in conjunction with syphilis. These were the primary threats to blood safety. The high positivity rate and the increasing prevalence of TTIs among blood donors in Western China call for further actions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Oman Med J
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Oman Med J
                Journal ID (publisher-id): OMJ
                Title: Oman Medical Journal
                Publisher: OMJ
                ISSN (Print): 1999-768X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2070-5204
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 May 2022
                Publication date Collection: May 2022
                Volume: 37
                Issue: 3
                Page: e386
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pathology, Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
                [2 ]Department of Pathology, Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan
                [3 ]Directorate of Research, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: ✉ director.research@ 123456stmu.edu.pk
                Article
                Publisher ID: OMJ-37-03-2100130
                DOI: 10.5001/omj.2022.65
                PMC ID: 9188735
                PubMed ID: 35712377
                SO-VID: 17491ca8-8645-4775-a945-31e1a0da89d6
                Copyright © The OMJ is Published Bimonthly and Copyrighted 2022 by the OMSB.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC BY-NC) 4.0 License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

                History
                Date received : 18 August 2021
                Date accepted : 13 December 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: blood transfusion,blood-borne infections,hepatitis,malaria,hiv,blood donors,blood safety,pakistan
                Data availability:
                Keywords: blood transfusion, blood-borne infections, hepatitis, malaria, hiv, blood donors, blood safety, pakistan

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