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      Prevalence and Trends of Transfusion-Transmissible Viral Infections among Blood Donors in South of Iran: An Eleven-Year Retrospective Study

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          Abstract

          Background

          Blood transfusion is considered a potential risk factor for transmission of life-threatening viral infections, including HIV, HCV and HBV infections. This study was performed to find out the prevalence and trends of these infections among blood donors in Southern Iran.

          Methods

          The blood donor data recorded in twelve regional blood transfusion centers from 2004 to 2014 were analyzed in an anonymous way with respect to the results of serological screening for HBV, HCV, and HIV infections. Overall, 293454 donors were screened for viral infections.

          Results

          Most of the donors were male, married, aged between 20–40 years, educated, and regular donors. The overall seroprevalence rates of HBV, HCV and HIV were 0.15%, 0.1% and 0.004%, respectively. The highest seroprevalence was found for HBV, followed by HCV and HIV. These infections were more prevalent in male, low educated and first time donors. The highest HCV seroprevalence was observed among donors aged 20 to 40 years, while HBV seroprevalence increased with age. The seroprevalence rates of HBV and HCV from 2004 to 2014 showed significant decreasing trends from 0.460% to 0.060% ( P < 0.001) and 0.329% to 0.045% ( P < 0.001), respectively. Whereas HIV infection had a slight but not significant decline from 0.0173% in 2004 to 0.0028% in 2014 ( P = 0.087).

          Conclusions

          The decreasing trends of transfusion-transmissible viral infections in blood donations indicate that the attempts of IBTO were successful in improving the safety of the blood supply, since the prevalence rates of viral infections have been reduced to very low levels in blood donations over the years. However, still more effective techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are needed to guarantee blood safety.

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          The epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Egypt: a systematic review and data synthesis

          Yousra Mohamoud, Ghina R. Mumtaz, Suzanne Riome … (2013)
          Background Egypt has the highest prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the world, estimated nationally at 14.7%. Our study’s objective was to delineate the evidence on the epidemiology of HCV infection among the different population groups in Egypt, and to draw analytical inferences about the nature of HCV transmission in this country. Methods We conducted a systematic review of all data on HCV prevalence and incidence in Egypt following PRISMA guidelines. The main sources of data included PubMed and Embase databases. We also used a multivariate regression model to infer the temporal trend of HCV prevalence among the general population and high risk population in Egypt. Results We identified 150 relevant records, four of which were incidence studies. HCV incidence ranged from 0.8 to 6.8 per 1,000 person-years. Overall, HCV prevalence among pregnant women ranged between 5-15%, among blood donors between 5-25%, and among other general population groups between 0-40%. HCV prevalence among multi-transfused patients ranged between 10-55%, among dialysis patients between 50-90%, and among other high risk populations between 10% and 85%. HCV prevalence varied widely among other clinical populations and populations at intermediate risk. Risk factors appear to be parenteral anti-schistosomal therapy, injections, transfusions, and surgical procedures, among others. Results of our time trend analysis suggest that there is no evidence of a statistically significant decline in HCV prevalence over time in both the general population (p-value: 0.215) and high risk population (p-value: 0.426). Conclusions Egypt is confronted with an HCV disease burden of historical proportions that distinguishes this nation from others. A massive HCV epidemic at the national level must have occurred with substantial transmission still ongoing today. HCV prevention in Egypt must become a national priority. Policymakers, and public health and medical care stakeholders need to introduce and implement further prevention measures targeting the routes of HCV transmission.
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            Prevalence and trends of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus among blood donors in Iran, 2004 through 2007.

            Sedigheh Kafi-abad, H Rezvan, Hassan Abolghasemi … (2009)
            Evaluation and monitoring the prevalence of transfusion-transmissible viral infections in blood donors is a valuable index of donor selection and blood safety. This study analyzed the trends of blood-borne infections among Iranian blood donations during 4 years. Viral screening results of 6,499,851 allogeneic donations from 2004 through 2007 were analyzed. All donations were screened for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and syphilis. The prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV infections per 100,000 donations and 95% confidence interval was calculated. The p value was estimated by chi-square test. The prevalences of HBV, HCV, and HIV decreased during the 4-year study from 2004 through 2007. The overall prevalence was 0.56% for HBV, 0.004% for HIV, and 0.13% for HCV. There was a significant and impressive decrease in hepatitis B surface antigen prevalence from 0.73% in 2004 to 0.41% in 2007. The prevalence of HIV appeared to have decreased from 0.005% in 2004 to 0.004% in 2007 although the decrease was not significant. HCV prevalence showed a slight decline in blood donations from 0.14% in 2005 to 0.12% in 2007. The trends of transfusion-transmitted infection prevalence in Iranian blood donations suggest that most of the safety measures employed in recent years in Iran have been effective.
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              Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Iran.

              Reza Taherkhani, Fatemeh Farshadpour (2015)
              In Iran, the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is relatively low according to the population-based epidemiological studies. However, the epidemiology of HCV is changing and the rate of HCV infection is increasing due to the growth in the number of injecting drug users in the society. In addition, a shift has occurred in the distribution pattern of HCV genotypes among HCV-infected patients in Iran. Genotype 1a is the most prevalent genotype in Iran, but in recent years, an increase in the frequency of 3a and a decrease in 1a and 1b have been reported. These variations in the epidemiology of HCV reflect differences in the routes of transmission, status of public health, lifestyles, and risk factors in different groups and geographic regions of Iran. Health policy makers should consider these differences to establish better strategies for control and prevention of HCV infection. Therefore, this review was conducted to present a clear view regarding the current epidemiology of HCV infection in Iran.
              Article 0 comments Cited 43 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Richard Paul: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 June 2016
                Publication date Collection: 2016
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0157615
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
                [2 ]Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
                [3 ]Bushehr Blood Transfusion Organization, Bushehr, Iran
                [4 ]Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
                [5 ]Reproductive Health and Midwifery Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
                Institut Pasteur, FRANCE
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: FF RT. Performed the experiments: FF RT S. Tajbakhsh MGT AN. Analyzed the data: FF RT NS S. Taherkhani. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: FF RT GH S. Tajbakhsh. Wrote the paper: FF RT. Performed the literature review and edited the manuscript: S. Tajbakhsh. Collected the data: MGT AN. Provided the databases of donor records: GH.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-16-15920
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157615
                PMC ID: 4911153
                PubMed ID: 27309959
                SO-VID: 8940f94a-4756-4b15-ad8d-baaa2627ce22
                Copyright © © 2016 Farshadpour et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 19 April 2016
                Date accepted : 1 June 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 5, Pages: 18
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002769, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences;
                Award ID: 5919
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002769, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences;
                Award ID: 5919
                Award Recipient :
                This study was supported by the Deputy Research and Affairs of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran (grant no. 5919). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Medicine and health sciences
                Subject: Diagnostic medicine
                Subject: HIV diagnosis and management
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: RNA viruses
                Subject: Flaviviruses
                Subject: Hepacivirus
                Subject: Hepatitis C virus
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Medical microbiology
                Subject: Microbial pathogens
                Subject: Viral pathogens
                Subject: Flaviviruses
                Subject: Hepacivirus
                Subject: Hepatitis C virus
                Subject: Medicine and health sciences
                Subject: Pathology and laboratory medicine
                Subject: Pathogens
                Subject: Microbial pathogens
                Subject: Viral pathogens
                Subject: Flaviviruses
                Subject: Hepacivirus
                Subject: Hepatitis C virus
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: Viral pathogens
                Subject: Flaviviruses
                Subject: Hepacivirus
                Subject: Hepatitis C virus
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Medical microbiology
                Subject: Microbial pathogens
                Subject: Viral pathogens
                Subject: Hepatitis viruses
                Subject: Hepatitis C virus
                Subject: Medicine and health sciences
                Subject: Pathology and laboratory medicine
                Subject: Pathogens
                Subject: Microbial pathogens
                Subject: Viral pathogens
                Subject: Hepatitis viruses
                Subject: Hepatitis C virus
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: Viral pathogens
                Subject: Hepatitis viruses
                Subject: Hepatitis C virus
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Diagnostic Medicine
                Subject: Clinical Laboratory Sciences
                Subject: Transfusion Medicine
                Subject: Blood Transfusion
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Hematology
                Subject: Transfusion Medicine
                Subject: Blood Transfusion
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Virology
                Subject: Viral Transmission and Infection
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Health Care
                Subject: Blood Donors
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Medical Microbiology
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Immunodeficiency Viruses
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Subject: Pathogens
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Immunodeficiency Viruses
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Immunodeficiency Viruses
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: Immunodeficiency Viruses
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: RNA viruses
                Subject: Retroviruses
                Subject: Lentivirus
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Medical Microbiology
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Retroviruses
                Subject: Lentivirus
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Subject: Pathogens
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Retroviruses
                Subject: Lentivirus
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Viruses
                Subject: Viral Pathogens
                Subject: Retroviruses
                Subject: Lentivirus
                Subject: HIV
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Body Fluids
                Subject: Blood
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Body Fluids
                Subject: Blood
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Body Fluids
                Subject: Blood
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Body Fluids
                Subject: Blood
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Hematology
                Subject: Blood
                Subject: Medicine and health sciences
                Subject: Infectious diseases
                Subject: Viral diseases
                Subject: HIV infections
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                Data Availability All relevant data are within the paper.

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