Toxicological Profiling of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Liver Context Reveals Pyroptosis in Kupffer Cells and Macrophages versus Apoptosis in Hepatocytes

Abstract

<p class="first" id="P1">The liver and the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) is a frequent target for engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), either as a result of particle uptake and spread from primary exposure sites or systemic administration of therapeutic and imaging nanoparticles. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis of the toxicological impact of 29 metal oxide (MOx) nanoparticles (NPs), some commonly used in consumer products, in transformed or primary Kupffer cells (KCs) and hepatocytes. Not only did we observe differences between KC and hepatocytes, but also differences in the toxicological profiles of transition metal oxides (TMOs, <i>e.g.</i>, Co ₃O ₄) <i>versus</i> rare earth oxide (REO) NPs ( <i>e.g.</i>, Gd ₂O ₃). While pro-oxidative TMOs induced the activation of caspases 3 and 7, resulting in apoptotic cell death in both cell types, REOs induced lysosomal damage, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, caspase 1 activation and pyroptosis in KCs. Pyroptosis was accompanied by cell swelling, membrane blebbing, IL-1β release, and increased membrane permeability, which could be reversed by knockdown of the pore forming protein, gasdermin D. Though similar features were not seen in hepatocytes, the investigation of the cytotoxic effects of REO NPs could also be seen to affect macrophage cell lines such as J774A.1 and RAW 264.7 cells, as well as bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). These phagocytic cell types also demonstrated features of pyroptosis and increased IL-1β production. Collectively, these findings demonstrate important mechanistic considerations that can be used for safety evaluation of metal oxides, including commercial products that are developed from these materials. </p><p id="P2"> <div class="figure-container so-text-align-c"> <img alt="" class="figure" src="/document_file/a909bfef-48d9-4756-95e4-ae5885e58fa8/PubMedCentral/image/nihms963079u1.jpg"/> </div> </p>