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      Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Isolated from Whooper Swans, Japan

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          Abstract

          On April 21, 2008, four whooper swans were found dead at Lake Towada, Akita prefecture, Japan. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of the H5N1 subtype was isolated from specimens of the affected birds. The hemagglutinin (HA) gene of the isolate belongs to clade 2.3.2 in the HA phylogenetic tree.

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          Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection in migratory birds.

          J. Liu, H. Xiao, F. Lei … (2005)
          H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) has emerged as a pathogenic entity for a variety of species, including humans, in recent years. Here we report an outbreak among migratory birds on Lake Qinghaihu, China, in May and June 2005, in which more than a thousand birds were affected. Pancreatic necrosis and abnormal neurological symptoms were the major clinical features. Sequencing of the complete genomes of four H5N1 AIV strains revealed them to be reassortants related to a peregrine falcon isolate from Hong Kong and to have known highly pathogenic characteristics. Experimental animal infections reproduced typical highly pathogenic AIV infection symptoms and pathology.
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            Properties and dissemination of H5N1 viruses isolated during an influenza outbreak in migratory waterfowl in western China.

            Zejun Li, Y. Henry Sun, Q Qi … (2006)
            H5N1 influenza A viruses are widely distributed among poultry in Asia, but until recently, only a limited number of wild birds were affected. During late April through June 2005, an outbreak of H5N1 virus infection occurred among wild birds at Qinghai Lake in China. Here, we describe the features of this outbreak. First identified in bar-headed geese, the disease soon spread to other avian species populating the lake. Sequence analysis of 15 viruses representing six avian species and collected at different times during the outbreak revealed four different H5N1 genotypes. Most of the isolates possessed lysine at position 627 in the PB2 protein, a residue known to be associated with virulence in mice and adaptation to humans. However, neither of the two index viruses possessed this residue. All of the viruses tested were pathogenic in mice, with the exception of one index virus. We also tested the replication of two viruses isolated during the Qinghai Lake outbreak and one unrelated duck H5N1 virus in rhesus macaques. The Qinghai Lake viruses did not replicate efficiently in these animals, producing no evidence of disease other than transient fever, while the duck virus replicated in multiple organs and caused symptoms of respiratory illness. Importantly, H5N1 viruses isolated in Mongolia, Russia, Inner Mongolia, and the Liaoning Province of China after August 2005 were genetically closely related to one of the genotypes isolated during the Qinghai outbreak, suggesting the dominant nature of this genotype and underscoring the need for worldwide intensive surveillance to minimize its devastating consequences.
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              Investigation of outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in waterfowl and wild birds in Hong Kong in late 2002.

              Sara Bissett, Robert G. Webster, George Bousfield … (2004)
              Outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza have occurred in Hong Kong in chickens and other gallinaceous poultry in 1997, 2001, twice in 2002 and 2003. High mortality rates were seen in gallinaceous birds but not in domestic or wild waterfowl or other wild birds until late 2002 when highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza occurred in waterfowl (geese, ducks and swans), captive Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) and other wild birds (Little Egret Egretta garzetta) at two waterfowl parks and from two dead wild Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) and a Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus) in Hong Kong. H5N1 avian influenza virus was also isolated from a dead feral pigeon (Columba livia) and a dead tree sparrow (Passer montanus) during the second outbreak. The first waterfowl outbreak was controlled by immediate strict quarantine and depopulation 1 week before the second outbreak commenced. Control measures implemented for the second outbreak included strict isolation, culling, increased sanitation and vaccination. Outbreaks in gallinaceous birds occurred in some live poultry markets concurrently with the second waterfowl outbreak, and infection on a chicken farm was detected 1 week after the second waterfowl park outbreak was detected, on the same day the second grey heron case was detected. Subsequent virus surveillance showed the outbreaks had been contained.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): September 2008
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 9
                Pages: 1427-1429
                Affiliations
                [1]National Institute of Animal Health, Kannondai, Japan (Y. Uchida, M. Mase, T. Saito, Y. Yamamoto, K. Nakamura, K. Tsukamoto, S. Yamaguchi)
                [2]Japan Wildlife Research Center, Taito-ku, Tokyo, Japan (K. Yoneda)
                [3]Akita Animal Hygiene Service Center of Akita Prefecture, Akita, Japan ( A. Kimura, T. Obara, S. Kumagai)
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Takehiko Saito, Research Team for Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; email: taksaito@ 123456affrc.go.jp
                Article
                Publisher ID: 08-0655
                DOI: 10.3201/eid1409.080655
                PMC ID: 2603097
                PubMed ID: 18760011
                SO-VID: 9faf68b5-e74f-46cb-9a69-f3c5f9f6e74d
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Dispatch

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: influenza in birds,phylogeny,h5n1 subtype,dispatch
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: influenza in birds, phylogeny, h5n1 subtype, dispatch

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